Knjiga Urantije
DIO III. Povijest Urantije
POGLAVLJE 79 : ANDITSKA ŠIRENJA NA ISTOKU
Paper 79
Andite Expansion in the Orient
Andite Expansion in the Orient
AZIJA je pradomovina ljudskog roda. Na južnom poluotoku ovog kontinenta rođeni su Andon i Fonta; u visoravnima današnjeg Afganistana njihov je potomak Badonan osnovao primitivno središte kulture koje se održalo više od pola milijuna godina. Na tom istočnom žarištu ljudske rase sangički su se narodi izdvojili iz andonitskog stabla, a Azija je bila njihova prva domovina, prvo lovište i prvo bojište. Jugozapadna Azija svjedočila je uzastopnim civilizacijama Dalamatijaca, Nodita, Adamita i Andita, a iz tih su se područja potencijali suvremene civilizacije proširili cijelim svijetom.
79:0.1 (878.1)
ASIA is the homeland of the human race. It was on a southern peninsula of this continent that Andon and Fonta were born; in the highlands of what is now Afghanistan, their descendant Badonan founded a primitive center of culture that persisted for over one-half million years. Here at this eastern focus of the human race the Sangik peoples differentiated from the Andonic stock, and Asia was their first home, their first hunting ground, their first battlefield. Southwestern Asia witnessed the successive civilizations of Dalamatians, Nodites, Adamites, and Andites, and from these regions the potentials of modern civilization spread to the world.
Kroz više od dvadeset i pet tisuća godina, sve do gotovo 2000. pr. Kr., središte područje Euroazije bilo je pretežno nastanjeno Anditima, premda u sve manjem broju. Iz nizina Turkestana Anditi su krenuli prema zapadu, zaobilazeći velika unutarnja jezera na putu prema Europi, dok su iz visoravni toga područja postupno prodirali prema istoku. Istočni Turkestan (Sinkjang), a u manjoj mjeri i Tibet, bili su vrata kroz koja su ti mezopotamski narodi prelazili planine i ulazili u sjeverne zemlje žute rase. Anditi su postupno prodirali u Indiju iz turkestanskog gorja prema Pandžabu te s iranskih pašnjaka kroz Beludžistan. Te ranije migracije nisu imale osvajački karakter; predstavljale su, naprotiv, neprekinuto raseljavanje anditskih plemena u zapadnu Indiju i Kinu.
79:1.1 (878.2)
For over twenty-five thousand years, on down to nearly 2000 b.c., the heart of Eurasia was predominantly, though diminishingly, Andite. In the lowlands of Turkestan the Andites made the westward turning around the inland lakes into Europe, while from the highlands of this region they infiltrated eastward. Eastern Turkestan (Sinkiang) and, to a lesser extent, Tibet were the ancient gateways through which these peoples of Mesopotamia penetrated the mountains to the northern lands of the yellow men. The Andite infiltration of India proceeded from the Turkestan highlands into the Punjab and from the Iranian grazing lands through Baluchistan. These earlier migrations were in no sense conquests; they were, rather, the continual drifting of the Andite tribes into western India and China.
Gotovo petnaest tisuća godina središta miješane anditske kulture opstajala su u području rijeke Tarim u Sinkjangu te južnije, u visoravnima Tibeta, gdje su se Anditi i Andoniti uvelike izmiješali. Dolina Tarima bila je najistočnija ispostava prave anditske kulture. Ondje su podizali svoja naselja i uspostavljali trgovačke veze s naprednim kineskim narodima na istoku te s Andonitima na sjeveru. U to je vrijeme područje Tarima bilo plodno; oborine su bile obilne. Istočno se Gobi prostirao kao otvorena travnata ravnica na kojoj su se stočari postupno okretali poljoprivredi. Ta je civilizacija propala kada su se kišni vjetrovi pomaknuli prema jugoistoku, no u svoje je vrijeme bila ravna samoj Mezopotamiji.
79:1.2 (878.3)
For almost fifteen thousand years centers of mixed Andite culture persisted in the basin of the Tarim River in Sinkiang and to the south in the highland regions of Tibet, where the Andites and Andonites had extensively mingled. The Tarim valley was the easternmost outpost of the true Andite culture. Here they built their settlements and entered into trade relations with the progressive Chinese to the east and with the Andonites to the north. In those days the Tarim region was a fertile land; the rainfall was plentiful. To the east the Gobi was an open grassland where the herders were gradually turning to agriculture. This civilization perished when the rain winds shifted to the southeast, but in its day it rivaled Mesopotamia itself.
Do 8000 pr. Kr. postupno rastuća suša u visoravnima središnje Azije počela je potiskivati Andite prema riječnim dolinama i morskim obalama. Ta sve veća suša nije ih samo tjerala prema dolinama Nila, Eufrata, Inda i Žute rijeke, nego je potaknula i novu fazu u anditskoj civilizaciji. Počeo se pojavljivati novi sloj ljudi — trgovci — i to u velikom broju.
79:1.3 (878.4)
By 8000 b.c. the slowly increasing aridity of the highland regions of central Asia began to drive the Andites to the river bottoms and the seashores. This increasing drought not only drove them to the valleys of the Nile, Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow rivers, but it produced a new development in Andite civilization. A new class of men, the traders, began to appear in large numbers.
Kad se, zbog klimatskih uvjeta, Anditi više nisu mogli isključivo baviti lovom, nisu slijedili evolucijski put starijih rasa koje su se u sličnim okolnostima okretale stočarstvu. Došlo je do razvoja trgovine i urbanog života. Od Egipta, preko Mezopotamije i Turkestana, pa sve do rijeka Kine i Indije, razvijenija su se plemena počela okupljati u gradovima u kojima su cvjetale proizvodnja i trgovina. Adonija je postala glavno trgovačko središte središnje Azije, smještena na području današnjeg Ašgabata. Trgovina predmetima od kamena, metala, drveta i gline odvijala se i kopnom i vodom.
79:1.4 (879.1)
When climatic conditions made hunting unprofitable for the migrating Andites, they did not follow the evolutionary course of the older races by becoming herders. Commerce and urban life made their appearance. From Egypt through Mesopotamia and Turkestan to the rivers of China and India, the more highly civilized tribes began to assemble in cities devoted to manufacture and trade. Adonia became the central Asian commercial metropolis, being located near the present city of Ashkhabad. Commerce in stone, metal, wood, and pottery was accelerated on both land and water.
Sve veća sušnost u središnjoj Aziji dodatno je smanjivala broj stanovništva i činila te narode manje ratobornima; a kada je opadanje oborina na sjeveru potaknulo nomadske Andonite da se pomaknu prema jugu, uslijedilo je veliko iseljavanje Andita iz Turkestana. To je završni pokret takozvanih Arijaca prema Levantu i Indiji. Time je okončano dugo raspršenje miješanih Adamovih potomaka, tijekom kojeg su svi azijski narodi, kao i većina otočnih naroda Pacifika, u određenoj mjeri bili unaprijeđeni utjecajem tih nadmoćnijih rasa.
79:1.6 (879.3)
Increasing aridity in central Asia further operated to reduce population and to render these people less warlike; and when the diminishing rainfall to the north forced the nomadic Andonites southward, there was a tremendous exodus of Andites from Turkestan. This is the terminal movement of the so-called Aryans into the Levant and India. It culminated that long dispersal of the mixed descendants of Adam during which every Asiatic and most of the island peoples of the Pacific were to some extent improved by these superior races.
No i u dvadesetom stoljeću nakon Krista postoje tragovi anditske krvi među turanskim i tibetanskim narodima, što potvrđuju svjetloputi tipovi koji se povremeno pojavljuju u tim krajevima. Rani kineski zapisi bilježe prisutnost crvenokosih nomada sjeverno od mirnih naselja uz Žutu rijeku, a još uvijek postoje i prikazi koji vjerno svjedoče o prisutnosti i plavokosih Andita i tamnoputih mongolskih tipova u davnoj prošlosti u području Tarimske doline.
79:1.8 (879.5)
But even in the twentieth century after Christ there are traces of Andite blood among the Turanian and Tibetan peoples, as is witnessed by the blond types occasionally found in these regions. The early Chinese annals record the presence of the red-haired nomads to the north of the peaceful settlements of the Yellow River, and there still remain paintings which faithfully record the presence of both the blond-Andite and the brunet-Mongolian types in the Tarim basin of long ago.
Posljednja velika manifestacija potisnutog vojnog genija srednjoazijskih Andita dogodila se oko 1200. godine po Kristu, kada su Mongoli pod vodstvom Džingis-kana započeli osvajanje većeg dijela azijskog kontinenta. Poput drevnih Andita, i ovi su ratnici naviještali postojanje „jednoga Boga na nebu”. Rani raspad njihova carstva dugo je odgađao kulturne veze između Zapada i Istoka te znatno otežao razvoj monoteističke ideje u Aziji.
79:1.9 (879.6)
The last great manifestation of the submerged military genius of the central Asiatic Andites was in a.d. 1200, when the Mongols under Genghis Khan began the conquest of the greater portion of the Asiatic continent. And like the Andites of old, these warriors proclaimed the existence of “one God in heaven.” The early breakup of their empire long delayed cultural intercourse between Occident and Orient and greatly handicapped the growth of the monotheistic concept in Asia.
Indija je jedino područje na Urantiji gdje je došlo do miješanja svih rasa, pri čemu je anditski prodor dodao posljednju lozu. U visoravnima sjeverozapadne Indije pojavile su se sangičke rase, i njihovi su pripadnici rano prodrli na indijski potkontinent, ostavljajući za sobom najraznovrsniju rasnu mješavinu koja je ikada postojala na Urantiji. Drevna Indija djelovala je poput sita kroz koje su prolazile migrirajuće rase, zadržavajući mnoge njihove pripadnike. Osnova poluotoka nekoć je bila nešto uža nego danas, budući da su riječne delte u velikoj mjeri nastale djelovanjem Gangesa i Inda tijekom posljednjih pedeset tisuća godina.
79:2.1 (879.7)
India is the only locality where all the Urantia races were blended, the Andite invasion adding the last stock. In the highlands northwest of India the Sangik races came into existence, and without exception members of each penetrated the subcontinent of India in their early days, leaving behind them the most heterogeneous race mixture ever to exist on Urantia. Ancient India acted as a catch basin for the migrating races. The base of the peninsula was formerly somewhat narrower than now, much of the deltas of the Ganges and Indus being the work of the last fifty thousand years.
Najranija rasna mješavina u Indiji nastala je miješanjem crvene i žute rase s prastarim Andonitima. Ta je skupina kasnije bila oslabljena apsorpcijom velikog dijela kasnije nestale zelene rase, kao i znatnog broja pripadnika narančaste; neznatno je unaprijeđena ograničenim miješanjem s plavom rasom, dok je znatno nazadovala asimilacijom brojnih pripadnika indigo rase. No teško se može reći da takozvani starosjedioci Indije predstavljaju vjeran odraz tih ranih naroda; oni su prije najzaostaliji južni i istočni ogranak koji nikada nije bio potpuno apsorbiran ni od strane ranih Andita ni njihovih kasnijih arijskih srodnika.
79:2.2 (879.8)
The earliest race mixtures in India were a blending of the migrating red and yellow races with the aboriginal Andonites. This group was later weakened by absorbing the greater portion of the extinct eastern green peoples as well as large numbers of the orange race, was slightly improved through limited admixture with the blue man, but suffered exceedingly through assimilation of large numbers of the indigo race. But the so-called aborigines of India are hardly representative of these early people; they are rather the most inferior southern and eastern fringe, which was never fully absorbed by either the early Andites or their later appearing Aryan cousins.
Otprilike 20.000 godina pr. Kr. stanovništvo zapadne Indije već je primilo određenu primjesu adamičke krvi, i nikada u povijesti čovječanstva nijedan narod nije objedinio toliko različitih rasa. No žalosno je što su prevladali drugorazredni sangički elementi te što ni plava ni crvena rasa nisu postale značajnijim dijelom tog prastarog središta rasne asimilacije; veća zastupljenost prvorazrednih sangičkih loza mogla je dovesti do razvoja još veće civilizacije. Kako su stvari stajale, crvena je rasa u to vrijeme samu sebe uništavala u Sjevernoj i Južnoj Americi, plava se širila Europom, dok su rani Adamovi potomci (kao i većina kasnijih) pokazivali malo sklonosti miješanju s tamnoputijim narodima, bilo u Indiji, Africi ili drugdje.
79:2.3 (880.1)
By 20,000 b.c. the population of western India had already become tinged with the Adamic blood, and never in the history of Urantia did any one people combine so many different races. But it was unfortunate that the secondary Sangik strains predominated, and it was a real calamity that both the blue and the red man were so largely missing from this racial melting pot of long ago; more of the primary Sangik strains would have contributed very much toward the enhancement of what might have been an even greater civilization. As it developed, the red man was destroying himself in the Americas, the blue man was disporting himself in Europe, and the early descendants of Adam (and most of the later ones) exhibited little desire to admix with the darker colored peoples, whether in India, Africa, or elsewhere.
Oko 15.000 pr. Kr. rastući pritisak stanovništva u Turkestanu i Iranu potaknuo je prvo veliko anditsko kretanje prema Indiji. Tijekom više od petnaest stoljeća ti su nadmoćniji narodi pristizali kroz visoravni Beludžistana, šireći se dolinama Inda i Gangesa te se postupno kretali prema jugu u Dekan. Taj anditski pritisak sa sjeverozapada potisnuo je mnoge manje razvijene skupine prema Burmi i južnoj Kini, ali nedovoljno da spriječi rasno razvodnjavanje samih osvajača.
79:2.4 (880.2)
About 15,000 b.c. increasing population pressure throughout Turkestan and Iran occasioned the first really extensive Andite movement toward India. For over fifteen centuries these superior peoples poured in through the highlands of Baluchistan, spreading out over the valleys of the Indus and Ganges and slowly moving southward into the Deccan. This Andite pressure from the northwest drove many of the southern and eastern inferiors into Burma and southern China but not sufficiently to save the invaders from racial obliteration.
To što Indija nije uspjela postići prevlast u Euroaziji uvelike je bilo posljedica topografije; pritisak stanovništva sa sjevera samo je potiskivao većinu ljudi prema jugu, u sve uži prostor Dekana, okružen morem sa svih strana. Da su u blizini postojala područja pogodna za iseljavanje, nazadnija bi plemena bila potisnuta u tim smjerovima, a više bi rasne loze dosegnule višu razinu civilizacije.
79:2.5 (880.3)
The failure of India to achieve the hegemony of Eurasia was largely a matter of topography; population pressure from the north only crowded the majority of the people southward into the decreasing territory of the Deccan, surrounded on all sides by the sea. Had there been adjacent lands for emigration, then would the inferiors have been crowded out in all directions, and the superior stocks would have achieved a higher civilization.
Kako su se stvari razvijale, rani su anditski osvajači očajnički nastojali očuvati svoj identitet i zaustaviti šireći val rasnog miješanja uvođenjem strogih pravila o međurasnim brakovima. Unatoč tome, do otprilike 10.000 pr. Kr. Anditi su bili gotovo potpuno apsorbirani, ali je to miješanje znatno unaprijedilo velike skupine stanovništva.
79:2.6 (880.4)
As it was, these earlier Andite conquerors made a desperate attempt to preserve their identity and stem the tide of racial engulfment by the establishment of rigid restrictions regarding intermarriage. Nonetheless, the Andites had become submerged by 10,000 b.c., but the whole mass of the people had been markedly improved by this absorption.
Miješanje rasa općenito je korisno jer potiče kulturnu raznolikost i doprinosi razvoju civilizacije, ali ako pritom prevladaju slabiji elementi rasnih loza, takva postignuća neće biti dugotrajna. Raznolika kultura može se održati samo ako se naprednije loze reproduciraju u dovoljnoj brojčanoj prednosti. Nekontrolirano umnožavanje slabijih, uz istodobno smanjenje reprodukcije nadmoćnijih, neminovno vodi propasti kulturne civilizacije.
79:2.7 (880.5)
Race mixture is always advantageous in that it favors versatility of culture and makes for a progressive civilization, but if the inferior elements of racial stocks predominate, such achievements will be short-lived. A polyglot culture can be preserved only if the superior stocks reproduce themselves in a safe margin over the inferior. Unrestrained multiplication of inferiors, with decreasing reproduction of superiors, is unfailingly suicidal of cultural civilization.
Da su anditski osvajači bili trostruko brojniji nego što su bili, ili da su potisnuli ili uklonili najmanje poželjnu trećinu miješanog narančasto-zeleno-indigo stanovništva, Indija bi postala jedno od vodećih središta svjetske kulturne civilizacije i zasigurno bi privukla više kasnijih valova Mezopotamaca koji su se slijevali u Turkestan, a potom prema sjeveru u Europu.
79:2.8 (880.6)
Had the Andite conquerors been in numbers three times what they were, or had they driven out or destroyed the least desirable third of the mixed orange-green-indigo inhabitants, then would India have become one of the world’s leading centers of cultural civilization and undoubtedly would have attracted more of the later waves of Mesopotamians that flowed into Turkestan and thence northward to Europe.
Miješanje anditskih osvajača Indije s domaćim stanovništvom naposljetku je dovelo do stvaranja miješanog naroda koji se naziva dravidskim. Raniji i čišći Dravidi imali su veliku sposobnost za kulturna postignuća, koja je postupno slabila kako se njihovo anditsko nasljeđe sve više razvodnjavalo. Upravo je to dovelo do sloma nadolazeće civilizacije Indije prije gotovo dvanaest tisuća godina. No čak je i ta mala primjesa adamičke krvi uzrokovala zamjetno ubrzanje društvenog razvoja. Ta je složena populacija ubrzo razvila najraznovrsniju civilizaciju tadašnjeg svijeta.
79:3.1 (881.1)
The blending of the Andite conquerors of India with the native stock eventually resulted in that mixed people which has been called Dravidian. The earlier and purer Dravidians possessed a great capacity for cultural achievement, which was continuously weakened as their Andite inheritance became progressively attenuated. And this is what doomed the budding civilization of India almost twelve thousand years ago. But the infusion of even this small amount of the blood of Adam produced a marked acceleration in social development. This composite stock immediately produced the most versatile civilization then on earth.
Nedugo nakon osvajanja Indije, dravidski Anditi izgubili su rasni i kulturni kontakt s Mezopotamijom, ali je kasnije otvaranje pomorskih putova i karavanskih ruta ponovno uspostavilo te veze; i tijekom posljednjih deset tisuća godina Indija nikada nije bila potpuno odsječena ni od Mezopotamije na zapadu ni od Kine na istoku, premda su planinske barijere znatno pogodovale zapadnim vezama.
79:3.2 (881.2)
Not long after conquering India, the Dravidian Andites lost their racial and cultural contact with Mesopotamia, but the later opening up of the sea lanes and the caravan routes re-established these connections; and at no time within the last ten thousand years has India ever been entirely out of touch with Mesopotamia on the west and China to the east, although the mountain barriers greatly favored western intercourse.
Napredna kultura i religijske sklonosti naroda Indije potječu iz ranog razdoblja dravidske dominacije i dijelom su posljedica dolaska velikog broja setitskih svećenika, kako tijekom ranijih anditskih migracija tako i tijekom kasnijih arijskih prodora. Nit monoteizma koja se provlači kroz religijsku povijest Indije vuče porijeklo iz adamitskih učenja drugog vrta.
79:3.3 (881.3)
The superior culture and religious leanings of the peoples of India date from the early times of Dravidian domination and are due, in part, to the fact that so many of the Sethite priesthood entered India, both in the earlier Andite and in the later Aryan invasions. The thread of monotheism running through the religious history of India thus stems from the teachings of the Adamites in the second garden.
Već prije 16.000 pr. Kr. u Indiju je stigla skupina od stotinu setitskih svećenika koja je gotovo ostvarila religijsko osvajanje zapadne polovice tog raznolikog stanovništva. No njihova se religija nije održala. Tijekom pet tisuća godina njihova su učenja o Rajskom Trojstvu postupno degradirala, sve dok nisu poprimila tek simbolički oblik trojedinog boga vatre.
79:3.4 (881.4)
As early as 16,000 b.c. a company of one hundred Sethite priests entered India and very nearly achieved the religious conquest of the western half of that polyglot people. But their religion did not persist. Within five thousand years their doctrines of the Paradise Trinity had degenerated into the triune symbol of the fire god.
Ali tijekom više od sedam tisuća godina, sve do kraja anditskih seoba, religijski status stanovnika Indije bio je daleko iznad onoga u ostatku svijeta. U to je vrijeme izgledalo da će Indija razviti vodeću svjetsku civilizaciju u kulturnom, religijskom, filozofskom i trgovačkom pogledu. Da se Anditi nisu u potpunosti izmiješali s južnim narodima, to bi se nedvojbeno i ostvarilo.
79:3.5 (881.6)
But for more than seven thousand years, down to the end of the Andite migrations, the religious status of the inhabitants of India was far above that of the world at large. During these times India bid fair to produce the leading cultural, religious, philosophic, and commercial civilization of the world. And but for the complete submergence of the Andites by the peoples of the south, this destiny would probably have been realized.
79:3.6 (881.6)
The Dravidian centers of culture were located in the river valleys, principally of the Indus and Ganges, and in the Deccan along the three great rivers flowing through the Eastern Ghats to the sea. The settlements along the seacoast of the Western Ghats owed their prominence to maritime relationships with Sumeria.
Dravidi su bili među najranijim narodima koji su gradili gradove i sudjelovali u širokoj izvoznoj i uvoznoj trgovini, kako kopnom tako i morem. Već 7000. g. pr. Kr. karavane deva redovito su putovale u daleku Mezopotamiju; dravidsko brodovlje plovilo je uz obalu preko Arapskog mora prema sumerskim gradovima Perzijskog zaljeva i upuštalo se u vode Bengalskog zaljeva sve do Istočne Indije. Ovi pomorci i trgovci uvezli su iz Sumerije abecedu, zajedno s umijećem pisanja.
79:3.7 (881.7)
The Dravidians were among the earliest peoples to build cities and to engage in an extensive export and import business, both by land and sea. By 7000 b.c. camel trains were making regular trips to distant Mesopotamia; Dravidian shipping was pushing coastwise across the Arabian Sea to the Sumerian cities of the Persian Gulf and was venturing on the waters of the Bay of Bengal as far as the East Indies. An alphabet, together with the art of writing, was imported from Sumeria by these seafarers and merchants.
Ti su trgovački odnosi uvelike pridonijeli daljnjoj raznolikosti kozmopolitske kulture, što je dovelo do rane pojave mnogih profinjenosti, pa čak i raskoši gradskog života. Kada su kasnije pristigli Arijci ušli u Indiju, oni u Dravidima nisu prepoznali svoje anditske rođake koji su se utopili u sangičkim rasama, ali su zatekli vrlo razvijenu civilizaciju. Unatoč biološkim ograničenjima, Dravidi su utemeljili nadmoćnu civilizaciju. Bila je široko rasprostranjena po cijeloj Indiji i održala se na Dekanu sve do modernih vremena.
79:3.8 (881.8)
These commercial relationships greatly contributed to the further diversification of a cosmopolitan culture, resulting in the early appearance of many of the refinements and even luxuries of urban life. When the later appearing Aryans entered India, they did not recognize in the Dravidians their Andite cousins submerged in the Sangik races, but they did find a well-advanced civilization. Despite biologic limitations, the Dravidians founded a superior civilization. It was well diffused throughout all India and has survived on down to modern times in the Deccan.
Rani arijski centri bili su raspršeni po sjevernoj polovici Indije, osobito na sjeverozapadu. Ovi osvajači nikada nisu dovršili osvajanje zemlje i kasnije su upravo zbog tog propusta doživjeli slom, jer su zbog svoje malobrojnosti bili podložni apsorpciji od strane južnih Dravida, koji su potom zavladali gotovo cijelim poluotokom, osim himalajskih područja.
79:4.2 (882.2)
The early Aryan centers were scattered over the northern half of India, notably in the northwest. These invaders never completed the conquest of the country and subsequently met their undoing in this neglect since their lesser numbers made them vulnerable to absorption by the Dravidians of the south, who subsequently overran the entire peninsula except the Himalayan provinces.
Arijci su ostavili vrlo malen rasni trag u Indiji, osim u sjevernim pokrajinama. Na Dekanu je njihov utjecaj bio više kulturni i religijski nego rasni. Veća postojanost takozvane arijske krvi u sjevernoj Indiji nije samo posljedica njihove veće brojnosti u tim krajevima, nego i činjenice da su bili dodatno ojačani kasnijim osvajačima, trgovcima i misionarima. Sve do prvog stoljeća prije Krista trajalo je neprekidno prodiranje arijske krvi u Pandžab, a posljednji val bio je povezan s pohodima helenističkih naroda.
79:4.3 (882.3)
The Aryans made very little racial impression on India except in the northern provinces. In the Deccan their influence was cultural and religious more than racial. The greater persistence of the so-called Aryan blood in northern India is not only due to their presence in these regions in greater numbers but also because they were reinforced by later conquerors, traders, and missionaries. Right on down to the first century before Christ there was a continuous infiltration of Aryan blood into the Punjab, the last influx being attendant upon the campaigns of the Hellenistic peoples.
U Indiji su se u različitim razdobljima smjenjivali različiti oblici društvene organizacije, od poludemokratskih arijskih sustava do despotskih i monarhijskih oblika vladavine. No najznačajnija odlika društva bila je postojanost velikih društvenih kasta koje su Arijci izvorno uspostavili kako bi očuvali svoj rasni identitet. Taj se složeni sustav održao sve do današnjeg dana.
79:4.5 (882.5)
In India many types of social organizations flourished from time to time, from the semidemocratic systems of the Aryans to despotic and monarchial forms of government. But the most characteristic feature of society was the persistence of the great social castes that were instituted by the Aryans in an effort to perpetuate racial identity. This elaborate caste system has been preserved on down to the present time.
Od četiri velike kaste, sve osim prve bile su uspostavljene u uzaludnom nastojanju da se spriječi rasno miješanje arijskih osvajača s njihovim podređenim stanovništvom. No najviša kasta, kasta učitelja-svećenika, potječe od Setita; brahmani dvadesetog stoljeća nakon Krista kulturni su nasljednici svećenika drugog vrta, iako se njihova učenja uvelike razlikuju od učenja njihovih slavnih prethodnika.
79:4.6 (882.6)
Of the four great castes, all but the first were established in the futile effort to prevent racial amalgamation of the Aryan conquerors with their inferior subjects. But the premier caste, the teacher-priests, stems from the Sethites; the Brahmans of the twentieth century after Christ are the lineal cultural descendants of the priests of the second garden, albeit their teachings differ greatly from those of their illustrious predecessors.
Kad su Arijci stigli u Indiju, sa sobom su donijeli svoje predodžbe o Božanstvu, sačuvane u religijskim tradicijama drugog vrta. No brahmanski svećenici nisu uspjeli odoljeti poganskom zamahu nastalom naglim dodirom s nižim religijama Dekana nakon rasnog stapanja Arijaca. Tako je velika većina naroda pala pod teške okove praznovjerja tih nižih religija; zbog toga Indija nije ostvarila visoku civilizaciju kakva je bila nagoviještena u ranijim razdobljima.
79:4.7 (882.7)
When the Aryans entered India, they brought with them their concepts of Deity as they had been preserved in the lingering traditions of the religion of the second garden. But the Brahman priests were never able to withstand the pagan momentum built up by the sudden contact with the inferior religions of the Deccan after the racial obliteration of the Aryans. Thus the vast majority of the population fell into the bondage of the enslaving superstitions of inferior religions; and so it was that India failed to produce the high civilization which had been foreshadowed in earlier times.
Duhovno buđenje šestog stoljeća pr. Kr. nije se održalo u Indiji i iščezlo je još prije prodora Islama. No jednoga bi se dana mogao pojaviti još veći Gautama koji će povesti cijelu Indiju u potragu za živim Bogom, a svijet će tada imati priliku vidjeti zrele plodove kulturnih potencijala jednog raznolikog naroda koji je tako dugo ležao u svojevrsnoj komi, pod otupljujućim utjecajem stagnirajuće duhovne vizije.
79:4.8 (882.8)
The spiritual awakening of the sixth century before Christ did not persist in India, having died out even before the Mohammedan invasion. But someday a greater Gautama may arise to lead all India in the search for the living God, and then the world will observe the fruition of the cultural potentialities of a versatile people so long comatose under the benumbing influence of an unprogressing spiritual vision.
Dok je priča o Indiji priča o anditskom osvajanju i konačnom stapanju s ranijim evolucijskim narodima, povijest istočne Azije prije se odnosi na izvorne Sangike, osobito na crvenog i žutog čovjeka. Ove su dvije rase u velikoj mjeri izbjegle miješanje s degradiranom neandertalskom lozom koja je toliko unazadila plavog čovjeka u Europi, čime su očuvale veći potencijal izvornog sangičkog tipa.
79:5.1 (883.2)
While the story of India is that of Andite conquest and eventual submergence in the older evolutionary peoples, the narrative of eastern Asia is more properly that of the primary Sangiks, particularly the red man and the yellow man. These two races largely escaped that admixture with the debased Neanderthal strain which so greatly retarded the blue man in Europe, thus preserving the superior potential of the primary Sangik type.
Dok su rani neandertalci bili rasprostranjeni širom cijele Euroazije, istočni je ogranak bio više kontaminiran degradiranim životinjskim lozama. Te su subhumane vrste potisnute prema jugu tijekom petog ledenog doba, istim ledenim pokrovom koji je dugo sprječavao sangičke migracije u istočnu Aziju. Kada je crveni čovjek migrirao prema sjeveroistoku, zaobilazeći visoravni Indije, zatekao je sjeveroistočnu Aziju oslobođenu tih subhumanih vrsta. Plemenska organizacija crvenih rasa razvila se ranije nego kod bilo kojeg drugog naroda, i oni su prvi migrirali iz središnjeg azijskog ishodišta Sangika. Inferiorne neandertalske loze bile su uništene ili potisnute s kopna od strane kasnijih migracija žutih plemena. No crveni je čovjek vladao istočnom Azijom gotovo sto tisuća godina prije dolaska žutih plemena.
79:5.2 (883.3)
While the early Neanderthalers were spread out over the entire breadth of Eurasia, the eastern wing was the more contaminated with debased animal strains. These subhuman types were pushed south by the fifth glacier, the same ice sheet which so long blocked Sangik migration into eastern Asia. And when the red man moved northeast around the highlands of India, he found northeastern Asia free from these subhuman types. The tribal organization of the red races was formed earlier than that of any other peoples, and they were the first to migrate from the central Asian focus of the Sangiks. The inferior Neanderthal strains were destroyed or driven off the mainland by the later migrating yellow tribes. But the red man had reigned supreme in eastern Asia for almost one hundred thousand years before the yellow tribes arrived.
79:5.3 (883.4)
More than three hundred thousand years ago the main body of the yellow race entered China from the south as coastwise migrants. Each millennium they penetrated farther and farther inland, but they did not make contact with their migrating Tibetan brethren until comparatively recent times.
79:5.4 (883.5)
Growing population pressure caused the northward-moving yellow race to begin to push into the hunting grounds of the red man. This encroachment, coupled with natural racial antagonism, culminated in increasing hostilities, and thus began the crucial struggle for the fertile lands of farther Asia.
Priča o ovom dugotrajnom nadmetanju između crvene i žute rase predstavlja pravu epopeju urantijske povijesti. Više od dvjesto tisuća godina ove su dvije superiorne rase vodile žestoke i neprekidne ratove. U ranijim sukobima crveni su ljudi uglavnom odnosili pobjede, a njihove pljačkaške skupine širile su pustoš među žutim naseljima. No žuti je čovjek bio brz učenik ratne vještine i rano je pokazao izrazitu sposobnost mirnog suživota sa svojim sunarodnjacima; Kinezi su prvi naučili da u jedinstvu leži snaga. Crvena su plemena nastavila svoje međusobne sukobe, te su uskoro počela trpjeti uzastopne poraze pod naletima neumoljivih Kineza, koji su nastavili svoj nezaustavljivi prodor prema sjeveru.
79:5.5 (883.6)
The story of this agelong contest between the red and yellow races is an epic of Urantia history. For over two hundred thousand years these two superior races waged bitter and unremitting warfare. In the earlier struggles the red men were generally successful, their raiding parties spreading havoc among the yellow settlements. But the yellow man was an apt pupil in the art of warfare, and he early manifested a marked ability to live peaceably with his compatriots; the Chinese were the first to learn that in union there is strength. The red tribes continued their internecine conflicts, and presently they began to suffer repeated defeats at the aggressive hands of the relentless Chinese, who continued their inexorable march northward.
Prije stotinu tisuća godina desetkovana plemena crvene rase borila su se s leđima okrenutim prema uzmičućem ledu posljednjeg ledenog doba, a kada je kopneni prijelaz prema zapadu, preko Beringovog prevlaka, postao prohodan, ta plemena nisu oklijevala napustiti negostoljubive obale azijskog kontinenta. Prošlo je osamdeset i pet tisuća godina otkako je posljednji od čistih crvenih ljudi napustio Aziju, ali duga borba ostavila je genetski trag na pobjedničkoj žutoj rasi. Sjeverni kineski narodi, zajedno s andonitskim Sibirima, asimilari su znatan udio crvenog nasljeđa, što se na njih vrlo povoljno odrazilo.
79:5.6 (883.7)
One hundred thousand years ago the decimated tribes of the red race were fighting with their backs to the retreating ice of the last glacier, and when the land passage to the West, over the Bering isthmus, became passable, these tribes were not slow in forsaking the inhospitable shores of the Asiatic continent. It is eighty-five thousand years since the last of the pure red men departed from Asia, but the long struggle left its genetic imprint upon the victorious yellow race. The northern Chinese peoples, together with the Andonite Siberians, assimilated much of the red stock and were in considerable measure benefited thereby.
Sjevernoamerički Indijanci nikada nisu došli u dodir čak ni s anditskim potomcima Adama i Eve, budući da su bili istisnuti iz svojih azijskih pradomovina oko pedeset tisuća godina prije Adamova dolaska. Tijekom razdoblja anditskih migracija čiste crvene loze širile su se Sjevernom Amerikom kao nomadska plemena, lovci koji su se u manjoj mjeri bavili poljoprivredom. Ove rase i kulturne skupine ostale su gotovo potpuno izolirane od ostatka svijeta od svog dolaska u Amerike pa sve do kraja prvog tisućljeća kršćanske ere, kada su ih otkrile bijele rase Europe. Do tada su Eskimi bili najbliže što su sjeverna plemena crvenog čovjeka ikada došla u dodir s bijelim ljudima.
79:5.7 (884.1)
The North American Indians never came in contact with even the Andite offspring of Adam and Eve, having been dispossessed of their Asiatic homelands some fifty thousand years before the coming of Adam. During the age of Andite migrations the pure red strains were spreading out over North America as nomadic tribes, hunters who practiced agriculture to a small extent. These races and cultural groups remained almost completely isolated from the remainder of the world from their arrival in the Americas down to the end of the first millennium of the Christian era, when they were discovered by the white races of Europe. Up to that time the Eskimos were the nearest to white men the northern tribes of red men had ever seen.
Crvena i žuta rasa jedine su ljudske skupine koje su ikada dosegle visok stupanj civilizacije neovisno o utjecajima Andita. Najstarija američka kultura bila je središte Onamonalonton u Kaliforniji, ali je ono nestalo još oko 35.000. g. pr. Kr. U Meksiku, Srednjoj Americi i u planinskim područjima Južne Amerike kasnije su nastale trajnije civilizacije, koje je utemeljila pretežno crvena rasa, ali s primjetnim udjelom žute, narančaste i plave.
79:5.8 (884.2)
The red and the yellow races are the only human stocks that ever achieved a high degree of civilization apart from the influences of the Andites. The oldest Amerindian culture was the Onamonalonton center in California, but this had long since vanished by 35,000 b.c. In Mexico, Central America, and in the mountains of South America the later and more enduring civilizations were founded by a race predominantly red but containing a considerable admixture of the yellow, orange, and blue.
Te su civilizacije bile evolucijski proizvod Sangika, premda su tragovi anditske krvi doprli do Perua. Izuzev Eskima u Sjevernoj Americi i nekolicine polinezijskih Andita u Južnoj Americi, narodi zapadne hemisfere nisu imali dodira s ostatkom svijeta sve do kraja prvog tisućljeća nakon Krista. U izvornom Melkisedekovu planu za unapređenje rasa Urantije bilo je predviđeno da milijun čistih potomaka Adamove loze ode unaprijediti crvene ljude Amerike.
79:5.9 (884.3)
These civilizations were evolutionary products of the Sangiks, notwithstanding that traces of Andite blood reached Peru. Excepting the Eskimos in North America and a few Polynesian Andites in South America, the peoples of the Western Hemisphere had no contact with the rest of the world until the end of the first millennium after Christ. In the original Melchizedek plan for the improvement of the Urantia races it had been stipulated that one million of the pure-line descendants of Adam should go to upstep the red men of the Americas.
Velik broj različitih rasa naselio je otoke Tihog oceana. Općenito, južne, a potom i veće otoke naseljavali su narodi s većim udjelom zelene i indigo krvi. Sjeverni su otoci pripali Andonitima, a kasnije rasama koje su u sebi nosile znatan udio žute i crvene loze. Preci Japanaca nisu bili potisnuti s kontinenta sve do oko 12.000. g. pr. Kr., kada ih je istisnuo snažan prodor sjevernih kineskih plemena duž južne obale. Njihova posljednja seoba nije bila toliko posljedica pritiska stanovništva koliko inicijative jednog poglavara kojeg je narod smatrao božanskom osobom.
79:6.3 (884.6)
Many different races occupied the islands of the Pacific. In general, the southern and then more extensive islands were occupied by peoples carrying a heavy percentage of green and indigo blood. The northern islands were held by Andonites and, later on, by races embracing large proportions of the yellow and red stocks. The ancestors of the Japanese people were not driven off the mainland until 12,000 b.c., when they were dislodged by a powerful southern-coastwise thrust of the northern Chinese tribes. Their final exodus was not so much due to population pressure as to the initiative of a chieftain whom they came to regard as a divine personage.
79:6.4 (885.1)
Like the peoples of India and the Levant, victorious tribes of the yellow man established their earliest centers along the coast and up the rivers. The coastal settlements fared poorly in later years as the increasing floods and the shifting courses of the rivers made the lowland cities untenable.
Prije dvadeset tisuća godina preci Kineza izgradili su desetak snažnih središta primitivne kulture i znanja, osobito duž Žute rijeke i Jangcea. Ta su središta potom počela jačati dolaskom stalnog priljeva naprednijih, miješanih naroda iz Sinkjanga i Tibeta. Seoba iz Tibeta prema dolini Jangcea nije bila tako opsežna kao na sjeveru, niti su tibetanska središta bila tako razvijena kao ona u bazenu Tarima. No oba su kretanja nosila određenu količinu anditskog nasljeđa prema istoku, sve do riječnih naselja.
79:6.5 (885.2)
Twenty thousand years ago the ancestors of the Chinese had built up a dozen strong centers of primitive culture and learning, especially along the Yellow River and the Yangtze. And now these centers began to be reinforced by the arrival of a steady stream of superior blended peoples from Sinkiang and Tibet. The migration from Tibet to the Yangtze valley was not so extensive as in the north, neither were the Tibetan centers so advanced as those of the Tarim basin. But both movements carried a certain amount of Andite blood eastward to the river settlements.
1. Genetski. Za razliku od svojih plavih srodnika u Europi, i crvena i žuta rasa u velikoj su mjeri izbjegle miješanje s degradiranim ljudskim lozama. Sjeverni Kinezi, već ojačani manjim udjelom superiornih crvenih i andonitskih loza, ubrzo su dodatno profitirali od znatnog priljeva anditskog nasljeđa. Južni Kinezi u tom pogledu nisu prošli jednako dobro; dugo su trpjeli posljedice asimilacije zelene rase, a kasnije su dodatno oslabljeni prodorom brojnih inferiornih naroda istisnutih iz Indije tijekom dravidsko-anditske invazije. I danas u Kini postoji jasna razlika između sjevernih i južnih rasa.
79:6.7 (885.4)
1. Genetic. Unlike their blue cousins in Europe, both the red and yellow races had largely escaped mixture with debased human stocks. The northern Chinese, already strengthened by small amounts of the superior red and Andonic strains, were soon to benefit by a considerable influx of Andite blood. The southern Chinese did not fare so well in this regard, and they had long suffered from absorption of the green race, while later on they were to be further weakened by the infiltration of the swarms of inferior peoples crowded out of India by the Dravidian-Andite invasion. And today in China there is a definite difference between the northern and southern races.
2. Društveni. Žuta rasa rano je naučila vrijednost međusobnog mira. Ta unutarnja miroljubivost pridonijela je porastu stanovništva i omogućila širenje njihove civilizacije među mnogim milijunima. Od 25.000. do 5.000. g. pr. Kr. najviša masovna civilizacija na Urantiji nalazila se u središnjoj i sjevernoj Kini. Žuti je čovjek prvi postigao rasnu solidarnost — prvi je dosegao kulturnu, društvenu i političku civilizaciju velikih razmjera.
79:6.8 (885.5)
2. Social. The yellow race early learned the value of peace among themselves. Their internal peaceableness so contributed to population increase as to insure the spread of their civilization among many millions. From 25,000 to 5000 b.c. the highest mass civilization on Urantia was in central and northern China. The yellow man was first to achieve a racial solidarity—the first to attain a large-scale cultural, social, and political civilization.
Oko 15.000. g. pr. Kr. Kinezi su bili vrlo ratoborni; nisu bili sputani pretjeranim poštovanjem prošlosti i, premda ih je bilo nešto manje od dvanaest milijuna, činili su zbijenu cjelinu koja je govorila jednim jezikom. U tom su razdoblju izgradili pravu naciju, mnogo ujedinjeniju i homogeniju od političkih unija kasnijih povijesnih vremena.
79:6.9 (885.6)
The Chinese of 15,000 b.c. were aggressive militarists; they had not been weakened by an overreverence for the past, and numbering less than twelve million, they formed a compact body speaking a common language. During this age they built up a real nation, much more united and homogeneous than their political unions of historic times.
3. Duhovni. Tijekom razdoblja anditskih migracija Kinezi su bili među duhovnijim narodima na Zemlji. Dugotrajna odanost štovanju Jedne Istine koju je proglasio Singlangton držala ih je ispred većine drugih rasa. Poticaj progresivne i napredne religije često je presudan čimbenik u kulturnom razvoju; dok je Indija stagnirala, Kina je napredovala pod oživljujućim utjecajem religije u kojoj je istina bila uzdignuta kao vrhovno Božanstvo.
79:6.10 (885.7)
3. Spiritual. During the age of Andite migrations the Chinese were among the more spiritual peoples of earth. Long adherence to the worship of the One Truth proclaimed by Singlangton kept them ahead of most of the other races. The stimulus of a progressive and advanced religion is often a decisive factor in cultural development; as India languished, so China forged ahead under the invigorating stimulus of a religion in which truth was enshrined as the supreme Deity.
Oko petnaest tisuća godina pr. Kr. Anditi su u znatnom broju prolazili kroz prijevoj Ti Tao i širili se gornjom dolinom Žute rijeke među kineskim naseljima u Kansuu. Ubrzo su prodrli prema istoku, do Honana, gdje su se nalazila najnaprednija naselja. Ovaj prodor sa zapada bio je otprilike napola andonitski, a napola anditski.
79:7.1 (886.2)
About fifteen thousand years ago the Andites, in considerable numbers, were traversing the pass of Ti Tao and spreading out over the upper valley of the Yellow River among the Chinese settlements of Kansu. Presently they penetrated eastward to Honan, where the most progressive settlements were situated. This infiltration from the west was about half Andonite and half Andite.
Sjeverna kulturna središta uz Žutu rijeku oduvijek su bila naprednija od južnih naselja uz Jangce. U roku od nekoliko tisuća godina nakon dolaska čak i malog broja tih naprednijih smrtnika, naselja uz Žutu rijeku nadmašila su sela uz Jangce i postigla nadmoć nad svojim južnim susjedima koja se održala sve do danas.
79:7.2 (886.3)
The northern centers of culture along the Yellow River had always been more progressive than the southern settlements on the Yangtze. Within a few thousand years after the arrival of even the small numbers of these superior mortals, the settlements along the Yellow River had forged ahead of the Yangtze villages and had achieved an advanced position over their brethren in the south which has ever since been maintained.
Nije bilo riječ o tome da je Andita bilo mnogo niti da je njihova kultura bila toliko nadmoćna, nego je miješanje s njima stvorilo svestraniju populaciju. Sjeverni Kinezi primili su upravo toliko anditskog nasljeđa da blago potakne njihove prirodno sposobne umove, ali ne i toliko da ih potakne na nemirnu, istraživačku radoznalost tako karakterističnu za sjeverne bijele rase. Ovaj ograničeniji utjecaj anditskog nasljeđa manje je narušio urođenu stabilnost sangičkog tipa.
79:7.3 (886.4)
It was not that there were so many of the Andites, nor that their culture was so superior, but amalgamation with them produced a more versatile stock. The northern Chinese received just enough of the Andite strain to mildly stimulate their innately able minds but not enough to fire them with the restless, exploratory curiosity so characteristic of the northern white races. This more limited infusion of Andite inheritance was less disturbing to the innate stability of the Sangik type.
Kasniji valovi Andita donijeli su sa sobom određena kulturna dostignuća Mezopotamije; to osobito vrijedi za posljednje valove migracija sa zapada. Oni su uvelike unaprijedili gospodarske i obrazovne prakse sjevernih Kineza; i premda je njihov utjecaj na religijsku kulturu žute rase bio kratkotrajan, njihovi su kasniji potomci pridonijeli kasnijem duhovnom buđenju. No anditske predaje o ljepoti Edena i Dalamatije ipak su utjecale na kineske tradicije; rane kineske legende smještaju “zemlju bogova” na zapad.
79:7.4 (886.5)
The later waves of Andites brought with them certain of the cultural advances of Mesopotamia; this is especially true of the last waves of migration from the west. They greatly improved the economic and educational practices of the northern Chinese; and while their influence upon the religious culture of the yellow race was short-lived, their later descendants contributed much to a subsequent spiritual awakening. But the Andite traditions of the beauty of Eden and Dalamatia did influence Chinese traditions; early Chinese legends place “the land of the gods” in the west.
Kineski narod nije počeo graditi gradove ni razvijati proizvodnju sve do nakon 10.000. g. pr. Kr., nakon klimatskih promjena u Turkestanu i dolaska kasnijih anditskih doseljenika. Ovaj priljev novog nasljeđa nije toliko pridonio civilizaciji žutog čovjeka koliko je potaknuo daljnji i ubrzani razvoj latentnih sklonosti superiornih kineskih skupina. Od Honana do Šensija potencijali napredne civilizacije počeli su donositi plodove. Obrada metala i sve proizvodne vještine potječu iz tog razdoblja.
79:7.5 (886.6)
The Chinese people did not begin to build cities and engage in manufacture until after 10,000 b.c., subsequent to the climatic changes in Turkestan and the arrival of the later Andite immigrants. The infusion of this new blood did not add so much to the civilization of the yellow man as it stimulated the further and rapid development of the latent tendencies of the superior Chinese stocks. From Honan to Shensi the potentials of an advanced civilization were coming to fruit. Metalworking and all the arts of manufacture date from these days.
Sličnosti između određenih ranih kineskih i mezopotamskih metoda računanja vremena, astronomije i državne uprave proizašle su iz trgovačkih veza između ova dva udaljena središta. Kineski su trgovci putovali kopnenim putovima preko Turkestana do Mezopotamije još u vrijeme Sumerana. Ta razmjena nije bila jednostrana — dolina Eufrata uvelike je imala koristi, kao i narodi Gangeske ravnice. No klimatske promjene i nomadske invazije u trećem tisućljeću prije Krista znatno su smanjile obujam trgovine koja se odvijala karavanskim putovima središnje Azije.
79:7.6 (886.7)
The similarities between certain of the early Chinese and Mesopotamian methods of time reckoning, astronomy, and governmental administration were due to the commercial relationships between these two remotely situated centers. Chinese merchants traveled the overland routes through Turkestan to Mesopotamia even in the days of the Sumerians. Nor was this exchange one-sided—the valley of the Euphrates benefited considerably thereby, as did the peoples of the Gangetic plain. But the climatic changes and the nomadic invasions of the third millennium before Christ greatly reduced the volume of trade passing over the caravan trails of central Asia.
Dok je crvena rasa trpjela zbog prekomjernog ratovanja, može se reći da je razvoj državnosti među Kinezima bio usporen zbog gotovo potpunog osvajanja Azije. Imali su snažan potencijal rasne solidarnosti, ali se on nije u potpunosti razvio jer tu nije bilo stalnog poticaja koji proizlazi iz trajne opasnosti od vanjskih napada.
79:8.1 (887.1)
While the red man suffered from too much warfare, it is not altogether amiss to say that the development of statehood among the Chinese was delayed by the thoroughness of their conquest of Asia. They had a great potential of racial solidarity, but it failed properly to develop because the continuous driving stimulus of the ever-present danger of external aggression was lacking.
Nakon dovršetka osvajanja istočne Azije drevna se vojna država postupno raspala — prošli su ratovi pali u zaborav. Od epske borbe s crvenom rasom ostala je tek maglovita predaja o drevnom sukobu s narodima strijelaca. Kinezi su se rano okrenuli poljoprivredi, što je dodatno pridonijelo njihovim miroljubivim sklonostima, dok je odnos broja stanovnika prema raspoloživom zemljištu bio takav da je još više poticao rastuću miroljubivost.
79:8.2 (887.2)
With the completion of the conquest of eastern Asia the ancient military state gradually disintegrated—past wars were forgotten. Of the epic struggle with the red race there persisted only the hazy tradition of an ancient contest with the archer peoples. The Chinese early turned to agricultural pursuits, which contributed further to their pacific tendencies, while a population well below the land-man ratio for agriculture still further contributed to the growing peacefulness of the country.
Svijest o prošlim postignućima (danas donekle umanjena), konzervativnost pretežno poljoprivrednog naroda i razvijen obiteljski život doveli su do pojave štovanja predaka, koje je naposljetku poprimilo oblike gotovo religioznog obožavanja ljudi iz prošlosti. Vrlo sličan stav prevladavao je među bijelim rasama u Europi oko pet stotina godina nakon raspada grčko-rimske civilizacije.
79:8.3 (887.3)
Consciousness of past achievements (somewhat diminished in the present), the conservatism of an overwhelmingly agricultural people, and a well-developed family life equaled the birth of ancestor veneration, culminating in the custom of so honoring the men of the past as to border on worship. A very similar attitude prevailed among the white races in Europe for some five hundred years following the disruption of Greco-Roman civilization.
Vjerovanje u “Jednu Istinu”, kako ju je naučavao Singlangton, nikada nije potpuno nestalo; no kako je vrijeme prolazilo, potraga za novom i višom istinom bivala je potisnuta sve snažnijom sklonošću da se štuje ono što je već uspostavljeno. Tako se postupno genij žute rase udaljio od traganja za nepoznatim i okrenuo očuvanju poznatog. Upravo je to razlog stagnacije nekoć najbrže napredujuće civilizacije na svijetu.
79:8.4 (887.4)
The belief in, and worship of, the “One Truth” as taught by Singlangton never entirely died out; but as time passed, the search for new and higher truth became overshadowed by a growing tendency to venerate that which was already established. Slowly the genius of the yellow race became diverted from the pursuit of the unknown to the preservation of the known. And this is the reason for the stagnation of what had been the world’s most rapidly progressing civilization.
Između 4000. i 500. g. pr. Kr. došlo je do ponovnog političkog ujedinjenja žute rase, premda je tomu već prethodilo određeno kulturno jedinstvo između središta uz Jangce i Žutu rijeku. To ponovno ujedinjenje kasnijih plemenskih skupina nije proteklo bez sukoba, ali rat nikada nije bio visoko vrednovan; štovanje predaka, sve veća raznolikost narječja i tisućljeća mirnodobnog života učinili su ovaj narod izrazito miroljubivim.
79:8.5 (887.5)
Between 4000 and 500 b.c. the political reunification of the yellow race was consummated, but the cultural union of the Yangtze and Yellow river centers had already been effected. This political reunification of the later tribal groups was not without conflict, but the societal opinion of war remained low; ancestor worship, increasing dialects, and no call for military action for thousands upon thousands of years had rendered this people ultrapeaceful.
Unatoč tome što nije ostvarila svoj izvorni potencijal u razvoju napredne državnosti, žuta je rasa postupno napredovala u umjetnostima civilizacije, osobito u poljoprivredi i vrtlarstvu. Zajednička suradnja bila je nužna za rješavanje hidrauličkih problema s kojima su se suočavali ratari u Šensiju i Honanu. Takve poteškoće s navodnjavanjem i očuvanjem tla uvelike su pridonijele razvoju međuovisnosti i daljnjem učvršćivanju mira među poljoprivrednim skupinama.
79:8.6 (887.6)
Despite failure to fulfill the promise of an early development of advanced statehood, the yellow race did progressively move forward in the realization of the arts of civilization, especially in the realms of agriculture and horticulture. The hydraulic problems faced by the agriculturists in Shensi and Honan demanded group co-operation for solution. Such irrigation and soil-conservation difficulties contributed in no small measure to the development of interdependence with the consequent promotion of peace among farming groups.
Nedugo nakon toga razvoj pisma, zajedno s osnivanjem škola, pridonio je širenju znanja u do tada neviđenim razmjerima. Međutim, složena priroda ideografskog pisma brojčano je ograničavala obrazovane slojeve, unatoč ranoj pojavi tiskarstva. Povrh svega, proces društvene standardizacije i religijsko-filozofskog dogmatiziranja nastavio se ubrzano. Religijski razvoj štovanja predaka dodatno se zakomplicirao bujicom praznovjerja povezanih sa štovanjem prirode, ali su se ostaci istinskog poimanja Boga ipak očuvali u carskom štovanju Šang-tija.
79:8.7 (887.7)
Soon developments in writing, together with the establishment of schools, contributed to the dissemination of knowledge on a previously unequaled scale. But the cumbersome nature of the ideographic writing system placed a numerical limit upon the learned classes despite the early appearance of printing. And above all else, the process of social standardization and religio-philosophic dogmatization continued apace. The religious development of ancestor veneration became further complicated by a flood of superstitions involving nature worship, but lingering vestiges of a real concept of God remained preserved in the imperial worship of Shang-ti.
Velika slabost štovanja predaka jest to što potiče filozofiju okrenutu prošlosti. Koliko god bilo mudro crpiti pouke iz prošlosti, pogrešno je smatrati prošlost jedinim izvorom istine. Istina je relativna i stalno raste; ona uvijek živi u sadašnjosti, pronalazeći novi izraz u svakoj generaciji ljudi, pa čak i u svakom pojedinom ljudskom životu.
79:8.8 (888.1)
The great weakness of ancestor veneration is that it promotes a backward-looking philosophy. However wise it may be to glean wisdom from the past, it is folly to regard the past as the exclusive source of truth. Truth is relative and expanding; it lives always in the present, achieving new expression in each generation of men—even in each human life.
Velika snaga štovanja predaka leži u vrijednosti koju takav stav pridaje obitelji. Zapanjujuća stabilnost i postojanost kineske kulture posljedica su središnjeg položaja obitelji, jer civilizacija izravno ovisi o učinkovitom funkcioniranju obitelji; a u Kini je obitelj dosegnula društveni značaj, pa čak i religijsku važnost, kakvu je malo koji drugi narod dosegnuo.
79:8.9 (888.2)
The great strength in a veneration of ancestry is the value that such an attitude places upon the family. The amazing stability and persistence of Chinese culture is a consequence of the paramount position accorded the family, for civilization is directly dependent on the effective functioning of the family; and in China the family attained a social importance, even a religious significance, approached by few other peoples.
Formativno razdoblje kineske civilizacije, koje započinje dolaskom Andita, proteže se sve do velikog etičkog, moralnog i polureligijskog buđenja šestog stoljeća prije Krista. Kineska tradicija čuva nejasne zapise o evolucijskoj prošlosti: prijelaz s matrijarhalne na patrijarhalnu obitelj, uspostavu poljoprivrede, razvoj arhitekture i početke industrije; sve je to prikazano u slijedu. Ovaj prikaz, točnije nego ijedan sličan, donosi sliku veličanstvenog uspona jednog superiornog naroda s razina barbarstva. Tijekom tog razdoblja prešli su iz primitivnog poljoprivrednog društva u viši oblik društvene organizacije koji je obuhvaćao gradove, proizvodnju, obradu metala, trgovinsku razmjenu, upravu, pismo, matematiku, umjetnost, znanost i tiskarstvo.
79:8.15 (888.8)
The formative period of Chinese civilization, opening with the coming of the Andites, continues on down to the great ethical, moral, and semireligious awakening of the sixth century before Christ. And Chinese tradition preserves the hazy record of the evolutionary past; the transition from mother- to father-family, the establishment of agriculture, the development of architecture, the initiation of industry—all these are successively narrated. And this story presents, with greater accuracy than any other similar account, the picture of the magnificent ascent of a superior people from the levels of barbarism. During this time they passed from a primitive agricultural society to a higher social organization embracing cities, manufacture, metalworking, commercial exchange, government, writing, mathematics, art, science, and printing.
I tako je drevna civilizacija žute rase opstala kroz stoljeća. Prošlo je gotovo četrdeset tisuća godina otkako su ostvareni prvi značajniji napreci u kineskoj kulturi, i premda je bilo mnogih nazadovanja, civilizacija Hanovih sinova najviše se od svih približava neprekinutom prikazu stalnog napretka sve do vremena dvadesetog stoljeća. Mehanička i religijska dostignuća bijelih rasa bila su na visokoj razini, ali nikada nisu nadmašila Kineze u obiteljskoj odanosti, grupnoj etici ili osobnom moralu.
79:8.16 (888.9)
And so the ancient civilization of the yellow race has persisted down through the centuries. It is almost forty thousand years since the first important advances were made in Chinese culture, and though there have been many retrogressions, the civilization of the sons of Han comes the nearest of all to presenting an unbroken picture of continual progression right on down to the times of the twentieth century. The mechanical and religious developments of the white races have been of a high order, but they have never excelled the Chinese in family loyalty, group ethics, or personal morality.
Ova drevna kultura uvelike je pridonijela ljudskoj sreći; milijuni ljudi živjeli su i umrli, blagoslovljeni njezinim dostignućima. Stoljećima je ova velika civilizacija počivala na lovorikama prošlosti, ali se i sada ponovno budi kako bi iznova sagledala uzvišene ciljeve smrtnog postojanja i još jednom nastavila neumornu borbu za beskonačni napredak.
79:8.17 (888.10)
This ancient culture has contributed much to human happiness; millions of human beings have lived and died, blessed by its achievements. For centuries this great civilization has rested upon the laurels of the past, but it is even now reawakening to envision anew the transcendent goals of mortal existence, once again to take up the unremitting struggle for never-ending progress.