Knjiga Urantije
DIO III. Povijest Urantije
POGLAVLJE 81: RAZVOJ SUVREMENE CIVILIZACIJE
Paper 81
Development of Modern Civilization
Development of Modern Civilization
81:0.1 (900.1)
REGARDLESS of the ups and downs of the miscarriage of the plans for world betterment projected in the missions of Caligastia and Adam, the basic organic evolution of the human species continued to carry the races forward in the scale of human progress and racial development. Evolution can be delayed but it cannot be stopped.
Otprilike trideset i pet tisuća godina nakon Adama, kolijevka civilizacije nalazila se u jugozapadnoj Aziji, protežući se od doline Nila prema istoku i blago prema sjeveru preko sjeverne Arabije, kroz Mezopotamiju i dalje u Turkestan. A klima je bila presudan čimbenik u uspostavi civilizacije na tom području.
81:1.1 (900.3)
For about thirty-five thousand years after the days of Adam, the cradle of civilization was in southwestern Asia, extending from the Nile valley eastward and slightly to the north across northern Arabia, through Mesopotamia, and on into Turkestan. And climate was the decisive factor in the establishment of civilization in that area.
Velike klimatske i geološke promjene u sjevernoj Africi i zapadnoj Aziji zaustavile su rane seobe Adamita, sprječavajući njihov prodor u Europu zbog proširenog Sredozemnog mora i preusmjeravajući tok migracija prema sjeveru i istoku, u Turkestan. Do vremena dovršetka tih uzdizanja kopna i povezanih klimatskih promjena, oko 15.000 pr. Kr., civilizacija je zapala u svojevrsni svjetski zastoj, izuzev kulturnih previranja i bioloških zaliha Andita koji su još uvijek bili ograničeni planinama na istoku Azije i širenjem šuma u Europi na zapadu.
81:1.2 (900.4)
It was the great climatic and geologic changes in northern Africa and western Asia that terminated the early migrations of the Adamites, barring them from Europe by the expanded Mediterranean and diverting the stream of migration north and east into Turkestan. By the time of the completion of these land elevations and associated climatic changes, about 15,000 b.c., civilization had settled down to a world-wide stalemate except for the cultural ferments and biologic reserves of the Andites still confined by mountains to the east in Asia and by the expanding forests in Europe to the west.
Budući da su robovi bili široko korišteni među ranim zemljoradnicima, poljoprivrednik je nekoć bio preziran i od lovca i od stočara. Stoljećima se obrada tla smatrala ponižavajućim poslom; otuda i ideja da je rad na zemlji prokletstvo, iako je on zapravo najveći od svih blagoslova. Još u vrijeme Kaina i Abela, stočarske su se žrtve smatrale vrjednijima od poljoprivrednih prinosa.
81:1.4 (900.6)
Since slaves were so generally employed by the earlier agriculturists, the farmer was formerly looked down on by both the hunter and the herder. For ages it was considered menial to till the soil; wherefore the idea that soil toil is a curse, whereas it is the greatest of all blessings. Even in the days of Cain and Abel the sacrifices of the pastoral life were held in greater esteem than the offerings of agriculture.
Čovjek se u pravilu razvijao iz lovca u poljoprivrednika, prolazeći kroz razdoblje stočarstva, a to je vrijedilo i za Andite; no češće je evolucijska prisila klimatske nužde uzrokovala da cijela plemena prijeđu izravno iz lova u uspješnu poljoprivredu. Ipak, ova pojava neposrednog prijelaza iz lova u poljoprivredu javljala se samo u onim područjima gdje je postojao visok stupanj miješanja s ljubičastom rasom.
81:1.5 (900.7)
Man ordinarily evolved into a farmer from a hunter by transition through the era of the herder, and this was also true among the Andites, but more often the evolutionary coercion of climatic necessity would cause whole tribes to pass directly from hunters to successful farmers. But this phenomenon of passing immediately from hunting to agriculture only occurred in those regions where there was a high degree of race mixture with the violet stock.
Evolucijski narodi (osobito Kinezi) rano su naučili sijati sjeme i uzgajati usjeve promatrajući klijanje sjemenja koje je slučajno bilo navlaženo ili položeno u grobove kao hrana za pokojne. No diljem jugozapadne Azije, uz plodna riječna korita i susjedne ravnice, Anditi su primjenjivali unaprijeđene poljoprivredne tehnike naslijeđene od svojih predaka, koji su poljodjelstvo i vrtlarstvo učinili glavnim zanimanjima unutar granica drugog vrta.
81:1.6 (901.1)
The evolutionary peoples (notably the Chinese) early learned to plant seeds and to cultivate crops through observation of the sprouting of seeds accidentally moistened or which had been put in graves as food for the departed. But throughout southwest Asia, along the fertile river bottoms and adjacent plains, the Andites were carrying out the improved agricultural techniques inherited from their ancestors, who had made farming and gardening the chief pursuits within the boundaries of the second garden.
81:1.8 (901.3)
It was these enforced changes in living conditions which caused such a large proportion of the human race to become omnivorous in dietetic practice. And the combination of the wheat, rice, and vegetable diet with the flesh of the herds marked a great forward step in the health and vigor of these ancient peoples.
Vi koji danas živite u kasnijim razdobljima rađajuće kulture i početnog napretka društvenih odnosa, koji zapravo imate nešto slobodnog vremena za razmišljanje o društvu i civilizaciji, ne smijete zaboraviti da su vaši rani preci imali malo ili nimalo dokolice koju bi mogli posvetiti promišljanju i društvenom razmišljanju.
81:2.2 (901.5)
You who now live amid latter-day scenes of budding culture and beginning progress in social affairs, who actually have some little spare time in which to think about society and civilization, must not overlook the fact that your early ancestors had little or no leisure which could be devoted to thoughtful reflection and social thinking.
Na pitanje odakle potječe vatra, jednostavna priča o Andonu i kremenu ubrzo je zamijenjena legendom o Prometeju koji ju je ukrao s neba. Drevni su ljudi tražili nadnaravna objašnjenja za sve prirodne pojave koje nisu mogli osobno razumjeti; i mnogi moderni ljudi nastavljaju činiti isto. Oslobađanje takozvanih prirodnih pojava od personifikacije zahtijevalo je duga razdoblja i još uvijek nije dovršeno. No otvorena, iskrena i neustrašiva potraga za stvarnim uzrocima dala je povoda modernoj znanosti: pretvorila je astrologiju u astronomiju, alkemiju u kemiju, a magiju u medicinu.
81:2.9 (901.12)
When asked where fire came from, the simple story of Andon and the flint was soon replaced by the legend of how some Prometheus stole it from heaven. The ancients sought a supernatural explanation for all natural phenomena not within the range of their personal comprehension; and many moderns continue to do this. The depersonalization of so-called natural phenomena has required ages, and it is not yet completed. But the frank, honest, and fearless search for true causes gave birth to modern science: It turned astrology into astronomy, alchemy into chemistry, and magic into medicine.
Prije izuma strojeva čovjek je mogao obavljati posao a da ga ne izvrši sam jedino uz pomoć životinja. Pripitomljavanjem životinja stekao je živa oruđa, a njihova je inteligentna uporaba pripremila put razvoju poljoprivrede i prijevoza. Bez tih životinja čovjek se ne bi mogao uzdići iz svog primitivnog stanja do kasnijih razina civilizacije.
81:2.10 (901.13)
In the premachine age the only way in which man could accomplish work without doing it himself was to use an animal. Domestication of animals placed in his hands living tools, the intelligent use of which prepared the way for both agriculture and transportation. And without these animals man could not have risen from his primitive estate to the levels of subsequent civilization.
Većina životinja najprikladnijih za pripitomljavanje nalazila se u Aziji, osobito u njezinim središnjim i jugozapadnim područjima. To je jedan od razloga zašto je civilizacija u tim krajevima napredovala brže nego u drugim dijelovima svijeta. Mnoge su od tih životinja već dvaput bile pripitomljene, a u anditskom dobu ponovno su ukroćene. No pas je ostao uz lovce još od vremena kada je prvi put pripitomljen, mnogo prije ovog razdoblja.
81:2.11 (902.1)
Most of the animals best suited to domestication were found in Asia, especially in the central to southwest regions. This was one reason why civilization progressed faster in that locality than in other parts of the world. Many of these animals had been twice before domesticated, and in the Andite age they were retamed once again. But the dog had remained with the hunters ever since being adopted by the blue man long, long before.
Anditi Turkestana bili su prvi narodi koji su u velikoj mjeri pripitomili konja, što je ujedno razlog dugotrajne prevlasti njihove kulture. Do 5000. pr. Kr. zemljoradnici Mezopotamije, Turkestana i Kine počeli su uzgajati ovce, koze, goveda, deve, konje, perad i slonove. Kao tegleće životinje koristili su vola, devu, konja i jaka. I sam je čovjek nekoć bio tegleća životinja. Jedan vladar plave rase imao je čak sto tisuća ljudi u svojoj koloniji nosača tereta.
81:2.12 (902.2)
The Andites of Turkestan were the first peoples to extensively domesticate the horse, and this is another reason why their culture was for so long predominant. By 5000 b.c. the Mesopotamian, Turkestan, and Chinese farmers had begun the raising of sheep, goats, cows, camels, horses, fowls, and elephants. They employed as beasts of burden the ox, camel, horse, and yak. Man was himself at one time the beast of burden. One ruler of the blue race once had one hundred thousand men in his colony of burden bearers.
Divljak je rob prirode, ali znanstvena civilizacija postupno daruje čovječanstvu sve veću slobodu. Uz pomoć životinja, vatre, vjetra, vode, električne energije i drugih još neotkrivenih izvora energije, čovjek se oslobodio, i nastavit će se oslobađati, potrebe za neprekidnim radom. Bez obzira na prolazne poteškoće koje donosi obilje mehaničkih izuma, krajnje koristi koje iz njih proizlaze neprocjenjive su. Civilizacija nikada ne može procvjetati, a kamoli se uspostaviti, sve dok čovjek nema vremena za razmišljanje, planiranje i zamišljanje novih i boljih načina djelovanja.
81:2.14 (902.4)
The savage is a slave to nature, but scientific civilization is slowly conferring increasing liberty on mankind. Through animals, fire, wind, water, electricity, and other undiscovered sources of energy, man has liberated, and will continue to liberate, himself from the necessity for unremitting toil. Regardless of the transient trouble produced by the prolific invention of machinery, the ultimate benefits to be derived from such mechanical inventions are inestimable. Civilization can never flourish, much less be established, until man has leisure to think, to plan, to imagine new and better ways of doing things.
Kasnije su riječne rase gradile kolibe zabijajući kolce u krug; zatim bi povezali njihove vrhove, tvoreći kostur kolibe, koji je bio poprečno isprepleten trskom, pa je cijela tvorevina nalikovala velikoj preokrenutoj košari. Premazana grubom žbukom i osušena na suncu, ova je građevina pružala vrlo dobar zaklon od vremenskih nepogoda.
81:2.17 (902.7)
The older river races made their huts by setting tall poles in the ground in a circle; the tops were then brought together, making the skeleton frame for the hut, which was interlaced with transverse reeds, the whole creation resembling a huge inverted basket. This structure could then be daubed over with clay and, after drying in the sun, would make a very serviceable weatherproof habitation.
Upravo je iz tih ranih koliba neovisno proizašla ideja o pletenju raznih vrsta košara. Promatrajući učinak vlažne žbuke na okvir načinjen od zabodenih kolaca, u nekim se skupinama rodila ideja o izradi keramike. Umijeće stvrdnjavanja glinenih posuda pečenjem otkriveno je kada je jedna od tih primitivnih koliba slučajno izgorjela. Umijeća drevnih vremena često su nastajala kao posljedica slučajnih događaja koji su pratili svakodnevni život ranih naroda. U velikoj mjeri to vrijedi za evolucijski razvoj čovječanstva sve do dolaska Adama.
81:2.18 (902.8)
It was from these early huts that the subsequent idea of all sorts of basket weaving independently originated. Among one group the idea of making pottery arose from observing the effects of smearing these pole frameworks with moist clay. The practice of hardening pottery by baking was discovered when one of these clay-covered primitive huts accidentally burned. The arts of olden days were many times derived from the accidental occurrences attendant upon the daily life of early peoples. At least, this was almost wholly true of the evolutionary progress of mankind up to the coming of Adam.
Iako je keramiku prvo uvela prinčeva pratnja prije otprilike pola milijuna godina, izrada glinenih posuda gotovo je posve zamrla tijekom više od sto pedeset tisuća godina. Samo su predsumerijski Noditi s obala zaljeva nastavili izrađivati glinene posude. Umijeće izrade keramike ponovno je oživljeno u vrijeme Adama. Širenje te vještine odvijalo se istodobno sa širenjem pustinjskih područja Afrike, Arabije i središnje Azije, te se u uzastopnim valovima sve naprednije tehnike širilo iz Mezopotamije preko istočne hemisfere.
81:2.19 (903.1)
While pottery had been first introduced by the staff of the Prince about one-half million years ago, the making of clay vessels had practically ceased for over one hundred and fifty thousand years. Only the gulf coast pre-Sumerian Nodites continued to make clay vessels. The art of pottery making was revived during Adam’s time. The dissemination of this art was simultaneous with the extension of the desert areas of Africa, Arabia, and central Asia, and it spread in successive waves of improving technique from Mesopotamia out over the Eastern Hemisphere.
Civilizacije anditskog doba ne mogu se uvijek pratiti prema stupnjevima razvoja njihove keramike ili drugih umijeća. Ujednačen tijek ljudske evolucije bio je snažno narušen režimima Dalamatije i Edena. Često se događa da su kasnije posude i oruđa slabije kvalitete od ranijih proizvoda čistijih anditskih naroda.
81:2.20 (903.2)
These civilizations of the Andite age cannot always be traced by the stages of their pottery or other arts. The smooth course of human evolution was tremendously complicated by the regimes of both Dalamatia and Eden. It often occurs that the later vases and implements are inferior to the earlier products of the purer Andite peoples.
Klimatsko uništenje bogatih, otvorenih travnjaka za lov i ispašu u Turkestanu, koje je započelo oko 12.000 pr. Kr., prisililo je ljude tih područja da se okrenu novim oblicima rada i jednostavnoj proizvodnji. Neki su se posvetili uzgoju domaćih stada, drugi su postali zemljoradnici ili skupljači hrane iz voda, ali su viši tipovi anditskog intelekta odabrali baviti se trgovinom i proizvodnjom. Čak je postalo uobičajeno da se čitava plemena posvete razvoju jedne jedine djelatnosti. Od doline Nila do Hindukuša i od Gangesa do Žute rijeke, glavna djelatnost naprednijih plemena postala je obrada zemlje, dok je trgovina bila sporedna.
81:3.1 (903.3)
The climatic destruction of the rich, open grassland hunting and grazing grounds of Turkestan, beginning about 12,000 b.c., compelled the men of those regions to resort to new forms of industry and crude manufacturing. Some turned to the cultivation of domesticated flocks, others became agriculturists or collectors of water-borne food, but the higher type of Andite intellects chose to engage in trade and manufacture. It even became the custom for entire tribes to dedicate themselves to the development of a single industry. From the valley of the Nile to the Hindu Kush and from the Ganges to the Yellow River, the chief business of the superior tribes became the cultivation of the soil, with commerce as a side line.
Porast trgovine i prerada sirovina u raznovrsne trgovačke proizvode izravno su pridonijeli nastanku ranih i polumirnih zajednica koje su imale velik utjecaj na širenje kulture i umjetnosti civilizacije. Prije razdoblja opsežne svjetske trgovine, društvene su zajednice bile plemenske — proširene obiteljske skupine. Trgovina je povezivala različite vrste ljudi, tako pridonoseći bržem međusobnom prožimanju kultura.
81:3.2 (903.4)
The increase in trade and in the manufacture of raw materials into various articles of commerce was directly instrumental in producing those early and semipeaceful communities which were so influential in spreading the culture and the arts of civilization. Before the era of extensive world trade, social communities were tribal—expanded family groups. Trade brought into fellowship different sorts of human beings, thus contributing to a more speedy cross-fertilization of culture.
Prije otprilike dvanaest tisuća godina započelo je razdoblje samostalnih gradova. Ti su primitivni trgovački i proizvodni gradovi uvijek bili okruženi zemljoradničkim i stočarskim pojasevima. Iako je istina da je razvoj industrije bio potaknut porastom životnog standarda, ne treba imati pogrešnu predodžbu o profinjenosti ranog gradskog života. Rane rase nisu bile osobito uredne ni čiste, a prosječna se primitivna zajednica uzdizala za tridesetak do šezdesetak centimetara svakih dvadeset i pet godina, jednostavno zbog nagomilavanja prljavštine i otpada. Neki su od tih drevnih gradova također vrlo brzo rasli iznad okolnog tla jer su njihove nepečene blatne kolibe bile kratkoga vijeka, a bio je običaj graditi nova prebivališta izravno na ruševinama starih.
81:3.3 (903.5)
About twelve thousand years ago the era of the independent cities was dawning. And these primitive trading and manufacturing cities were always surrounded by zones of agriculture and cattle raising. While it is true that industry was promoted by the elevation of the standards of living, you should have no misconception regarding the refinements of early urban life. The early races were not overly neat and clean, and the average primitive community rose from one to two feet every twenty-five years as the result of the mere accumulation of dirt and trash. Certain of these olden cities also rose above the surrounding ground very quickly because their unbaked mud huts were short-lived, and it was the custom to build new dwellings directly on top of the ruins of the old.
Široka uporaba metala bila je obilježje ovog razdoblja ranih industrijskih i trgovačkih gradova. Već ste u Turkestanu pronašli brončanu kulturu koja potječe iz vremena prije 9000. pr. Kr., a Anditi su rano naučili obrađivati željezo, zlato i bakar. No izvan naprednijih središta civilizacije uvjeti su bili vrlo drukčiji. Nije bilo jasno odvojenih razdoblja poput kamenog, brončanog i željeznog doba; sva su tri postojala istodobno na različitim područjima.
81:3.4 (903.6)
The widespread use of metals was a feature of this era of the early industrial and trading cities. You have already found a bronze culture in Turkestan dating before 9000 b.c., and the Andites early learned to work in iron, gold, and copper, as well. But conditions were very different away from the more advanced centers of civilization. There were no distinct periods, such as the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages; all three existed at the same time in different localities.
Zlato je bilo prvi metal koji je čovjek tražio; bilo ga je lako obrađivati i u početku se koristilo samo kao ukras. Zatim se počeo koristiti bakar, ali ne u većoj mjeri sve dok se nije miješao s kositrom kako bi se dobila tvrđa bronca. Otkriće miješanja bakra i kositra za dobivanje bronce potječe od jednog od Adamsonita iz Turkestana, čiji se rudnik bakra u visoravnima slučajno nalazio uz nalazište kositra.
81:3.5 (904.1)
Gold was the first metal to be sought by man; it was easy to work and, at first, was used only as an ornament. Copper was next employed but not extensively until it was admixed with tin to make the harder bronze. The discovery of mixing copper and tin to make bronze was made by one of the Adamsonites of Turkestan whose highland copper mine happened to be located alongside a tin deposit.
Pojavom jednostavne proizvodnje i početaka industrije, trgovina je ubrzo postala najmoćniji čimbenik u širenju kulturne civilizacije. Otvaranje trgovačkih putova kopnom i morem uvelike je olakšalo putovanja te miješanje kultura i prožimanje civilizacija. Oko 5000. pr. Kr. konj je bio u općoj uporabi širom civiliziranih i poluciviliziranih područja. Te su kasnije rase, osim pripitomljenog konja, raspolagale i raznim vrstama putničkih i bojnih kola. Kotač se koristio još mnogo ranije, ali su vozila s kotačima sada postala općeprihvaćena kako u trgovini tako i u ratu.
81:3.6 (904.2)
With the appearance of crude manufacture and beginning industry, commerce quickly became the most potent influence in the spread of cultural civilization. The opening up of the trade channels by land and by sea greatly facilitated travel and the mixing of cultures as well as the blending of civilizations. By 5000 b.c. the horse was in general use throughout civilized and semicivilized lands. These later races not only had the domesticated horse but also various sorts of wagons and chariots. Ages before, the wheel had been used, but now vehicles so equipped became universally employed both in commerce and war.
Putujući trgovac i lutajući istraživač učinili su više za napredak povijesne civilizacije nego svi drugi utjecaji zajedno. Vojna osvajanja, kolonizacija i misionarske djelatnosti potaknute kasnijim religijama također su pridonosile širenju kulture; ali sve su to bili sporedni čimbenici u odnosu na trgovačke veze, koje su se stalno ubrzavale razvojem industrije, umjetnosti i znanosti.
81:3.7 (904.3)
The traveling trader and the roving explorer did more to advance historic civilization than all other influences combined. Military conquests, colonization, and missionary enterprises fostered by the later religions were also factors in the spread of culture; but these were all secondary to the trading relations, which were ever accelerated by the rapidly developing arts and sciences of industry.
81:3.8 (904.4)
Infusion of the Adamic stock into the human races not only quickened the pace of civilization, but it also greatly stimulated their proclivities toward adventure and exploration to the end that most of Eurasia and northern Africa was presently occupied by the rapidly multiplying mixed descendants of the Andites.
Svaka od rasa Urantije bila je prepoznatljiva po određenim karakterističnim tjelesnim obilježjima. Adamiti i Noditi bili su dugoglavci; Andoniti širokoglavci. Sangičke rase bile su srednje glave, pri čemu su žuti i plavi ljudi naginjali širokoglavosti. Plave rase, kada su se miješale s andonitskom lozom, postajale su izrazito širokoglave. Sekundarni Sangičani bili su srednje do duge glave.
81:4.2 (904.6)
Each of the Urantia races was identified by certain distinguishing physical characteristics. The Adamites and Nodites were long-headed; the Andonites were broad-headed. The Sangik races were medium-headed, with the yellow and blue men tending to broad-headedness. The blue races, when mixed with the Andonite stock, were decidedly broad-headed. The secondary Sangiks were medium- to long-headed.
Kako su se ovih pet velikih rasnih skupina opsežno miješale, stalno miješanje imalo je tendenciju prikrivati andonitski tip zbog prevlasti sangičkog nasljeđa. Laponci i Eskimi predstavljaju mješavinu andonitske i sangičko-plave loze. Njihova koštana građa najviše se približava očuvanju izvornog andonskog tipa. No Adamiti i Noditi toliko su se izmiješali s drugim rasama da ih se može prepoznati samo kao općeniti kavkazoidni tip.
81:4.9 (904.13)
As these five great racial groups extensively intermingled, continual mixture tended to obscure the Andonite type by Sangik hereditary dominance. The Lapps and the Eskimos are blends of Andonite and Sangik-blue races. Their skeletal structures come the nearest to preserving the aboriginal Andonic type. But the Adamites and the Nodites have become so admixed with the other races that they can be detected only as a generalized Caucasoid order.
1. Kavkazoidna — anditska mješavina noditske i adamske loze, dodatno izmijenjena primarnim i (djelomično) sekundarnim sangičkim primjesama te znatnim ukrštanjem s andonitskom lozom. Zapadne bijele rase, zajedno s nekim indijskim i turanskim narodima, pripadaju ovoj skupini. Ujedinjujući čimbenik ove podjele jest veći ili manji udio anditskog nasljeđa.
81:4.11 (905.2)
1. The Caucasoid—the Andite blend of the Nodite and Adamic stocks, further modified by primary and (some) secondary Sangik admixture and by considerable Andonic crossing. The Occidental white races, together with some Indian and Turanian peoples, are included in this group. The unifying factor in this division is the greater or lesser proportion of Andite inheritance.
2. Mongoloidna — primarni sangički tip, koji uključuje izvorne crvenu, žutu i plavu rasu. Kinezi i američki domoroci pripadaju ovoj skupini. U Europi je mongoloidni tip izmijenjen sekundarnim sangičkim i andonitskim miješanjem, a još više anditskim utjecajem. Malajski i drugi indonezijski narodi također spadaju u ovu skupinu, premda sadrže visok postotak sekundarnog sangičkog nasljeđa.
81:4.12 (905.3)
2. The Mongoloid—the primary Sangik type, including the original red, yellow, and blue races. The Chinese and Amerinds belong to this group. In Europe the Mongoloid type has been modified by secondary Sangik and Andonic mixture; still more by Andite infusion. The Malayan and other Indonesian peoples are included in this classification, though they contain a high percentage of secondary Sangik blood.
U sjevernoj Kini prisutno je određeno miješanje kavkazoidnog i mongoloidnog tipa; u Levantu su se izmiješali kavkazoidni i negroidni; u Indiji, kao i u Južnoj Americi, zastupljena su sva tri tipa. A koštane značajke ta tri preostala tipa i dalje postoje te pomažu u utvrđivanju kasnijeg porijekla današnjih ljudskih rasa.
81:4.14 (905.5)
In North China there is a certain blending of Caucasoid and Mongoloid types; in the Levant the Caucasoid and Negroid have intermingled; in India, as in South America, all three types are represented. And the skeletal characteristics of the three surviving types still persist and help to identify the later ancestry of present-day human races.
Biološka evolucija i kulturna civilizacija ne moraju nužno biti povezane; organska evolucija u bilo kojem razdoblju može se odvijati nesmetano usred same kulturne dekadencije. No kada se promatraju duga razdoblja ljudske povijesti, uočava se da se evolucija i kultura naposljetku povezuju kao uzrok i posljedica. Evolucija može napredovati i bez kulture, ali kulturna civilizacija ne može cvjetati bez odgovarajuće podloge prethodnog rasnog napretka. Adam i Eva nisu uveli nikakvu umjetnost civilizacije koja bi bila strana napretku ljudskog društva, ali je adamska krv povećala urođene sposobnosti rasa i ubrzala tempo ekonomskog i industrijskog razvoja. Adamovo darivanje unaprijedilo je moždanu sposobnost rasa, znatno ubrzavši procese prirodne evolucije.
81:5.1 (905.6)
Biologic evolution and cultural civilization are not necessarily correlated; organic evolution in any age may proceed unhindered in the very midst of cultural decadence. But when lengthy periods of human history are surveyed, it will be observed that eventually evolution and culture become related as cause and effect. Evolution may advance in the absence of culture, but cultural civilization does not flourish without an adequate background of antecedent racial progression. Adam and Eve introduced no art of civilization foreign to the progress of human society, but the Adamic blood did augment the inherent ability of the races and did accelerate the pace of economic development and industrial progression. Adam’s bestowal improved the brain power of the races, thereby greatly hastening the processes of natural evolution.
Kroz poljoprivredu, pripitomljavanje životinja i unaprijeđenu arhitekturu, čovječanstvo se postupno oslobodilo najtežih oblika neprekidne borbe za opstanak te je počelo tražiti načine kako učiniti život ugodnijim; i to je bio početak težnje prema sve višim standardima materijalne udobnosti. Kroz proizvodnju i industriju čovjek postupno povećava udio zadovoljstva u smrtnom životu.
81:5.2 (905.7)
Through agriculture, animal domestication, and improved architecture, mankind gradually escaped the worst of the incessant struggle to live and began to cast about to find wherewith to sweeten the process of living; and this was the beginning of the striving for higher and ever higher standards of material comfort. Through manufacture and industry man is gradually augmenting the pleasure content of mortal life.
Ali kulturno društvo nije nikakav veliki i dobrotvorni klub naslijeđenih povlastica u koji se svi ljudi rađaju s besplatnim članstvom i potpunom jednakošću. Naprotiv, ono je uzvišeno i stalno napredujuće bratstvo zemaljskih radnika koje u svoje redove prima samo plemenitost onih koji nastoje učiniti svijet boljim mjestom u kojem će njihova djeca i djeca njihove djece moći živjeti i napredovati u budućim vremenima. A to bratstvo civilizacije zahtijeva visoku cijenu pristupa, nameće strogu i zahtjevnu disciplinu, izriče teške kazne svima koji odstupaju i ne prilagođavaju se, dok zauzvrat daje malo osobnih sloboda ili povlastica, osim povećane sigurnosti od zajedničkih opasnosti i rasnih prijetnji.
81:5.3 (906.1)
But cultural society is no great and beneficent club of inherited privilege into which all men are born with free membership and entire equality. Rather is it an exalted and ever-advancing guild of earth workers, admitting to its ranks only the nobility of those toilers who strive to make the world a better place in which their children and their children’s children may live and advance in subsequent ages. And this guild of civilization exacts costly admission fees, imposes strict and rigorous disciplines, visits heavy penalties on all dissenters and nonconformists, while it confers few personal licenses or privileges except those of enhanced security against common dangers and racial perils.
Društveno udruživanje oblik je osiguranja opstanka za koji su ljudi naučili da im se isplati; stoga je većina pojedinaca spremna platiti te premije u obliku samoprijegora i ograničenja osobne slobode koje društvo zahtijeva od svojih članova zauzvrat za poboljšanu skupnu zaštitu. Ukratko, suvremeni društveni mehanizam predstavlja pokusni sustav osiguranja koji pruža određeni stupanj sigurnosti i zaštite od povratka u strašne i antisocijalne uvjete koji su obilježavali rane faze ljudskog iskustva.
81:5.4 (906.2)
Social association is a form of survival insurance which human beings have learned is profitable; therefore are most individuals willing to pay those premiums of self-sacrifice and personal-liberty curtailment which society exacts from its members in return for this enhanced group protection. In short, the present-day social mechanism is a trial-and-error insurance plan designed to afford some degree of assurance and protection against a return to the terrible and antisocial conditions which characterized the early experiences of the human race.
Sila ne stvara pravo, ali osigurava provođenje općeprihvaćenih prava svake naredne generacije. Temeljna zadaća vlasti jest određivanje prava, pravedno i uravnoteženo uređivanje klasnih razlika te osiguravanje jednakih mogućnosti u okviru zakona. Svako ljudsko pravo povezano je s društvenom dužnošću; skupna povlastica jest mehanizam osiguranja koji neizostavno zahtijeva potpunu uplatu zahtjevnih premija u obliku služenja zajednici. A prava skupine, kao i prava pojedinca, moraju biti zaštićena, uključujući i regulaciju spolnih sklonosti.
81:5.6 (906.4)
Might does not make right, but it does enforce the commonly recognized rights of each succeeding generation. The prime mission of government is the definition of the right, the just and fair regulation of class differences, and the enforcement of equality of opportunity under the rules of law. Every human right is associated with a social duty; group privilege is an insurance mechanism which unfailingly demands the full payment of the exacting premiums of group service. And group rights, as well as those of the individual, must be protected, including the regulation of the sex propensity.
Dok je biološka evolucija neprekidno napredovala, velik dio kulturnog razvoja širio se iz doline Eufrata u valovima koji su postupno slabili kako je vrijeme prolazilo, sve dok naposljetku gotovo cijelo čisto adamsko potomstvo nije otišlo obogatiti civilizacije Azije i Europe. Rase se nisu u potpunosti izmiješale, ali su se njihove civilizacije u znatnoj mjeri prožele. Kultura se polako širila diljem svijeta. A tu civilizaciju treba održavati i njegovati, jer danas ne postoje novi izvori kulture, nema Andita koji bi osnažili i potaknuli spor napredak evolucije civilizacije.
81:6.1 (906.6)
While biologic evolution has proceeded ever upward, much of cultural evolution went out from the Euphrates valley in waves, which successively weakened as time passed until finally the whole of the pure-line Adamic posterity had gone forth to enrich the civilizations of Asia and Europe. The races did not fully blend, but their civilizations did to a considerable extent mix. Culture did slowly spread throughout the world. And this civilization must be maintained and fostered, for there exist today no new sources of culture, no Andites to invigorate and stimulate the slow progress of the evolution of civilization.
Na početku anditskog doba postojala su samo dva velika i plodna otvorena lovišta na cijelom svijetu. Jedno se nalazilo u Sjevernoj Americi i bilo je naseljeno američkim domorocima; drugo se nalazilo sjeverno od Turkestana i bilo je djelomično nastanjeno andonitsko-žutom rasom. Presudni čimbenici u razvoju više kulture u jugozapadnoj Aziji bili su rasa i klima. Anditi su bili velik narod, ali odlučujući čimbenik u određivanju tijeka njihove civilizacije bila je sve veća sušnost Irana, Turkestana i Sinkjanga, koja ih je prisilila da iznađu i usvoje nove i naprednije načine pribavljanja sredstava za život s njihovih sve manje plodnih zemalja.
81:6.4 (907.1)
At the opening of the Andite era there were only two extensive and fertile open hunting areas in all the world. One was in North America and was overspread by the Amerinds; the other was to the north of Turkestan and was partly occupied by an Andonic-yellow race. The decisive factors in the evolution of a superior culture in southwestern Asia were race and climate. The Andites were a great people, but the crucial factor in determining the course of their civilization was the increasing aridity of Iran, Turkestan, and Sinkiang, which forced them to invent and adopt new and advanced methods of wresting a livelihood from their decreasingly fertile lands.
81:6.5 (907.2)
The configuration of continents and other land-arrangement situations are very influential in determining peace or war. Very few Urantians have ever had such a favorable opportunity for continuous and unmolested development as has been enjoyed by the peoples of North America—protected on practically all sides by vast oceans.
2. Kapitalna dobra. Kultura se nikada ne razvija u uvjetima siromaštva; dokolica je nužna za napredak civilizacije. Pojedinačni karakter moralne i duhovne vrijednosti može se razviti i bez materijalnog bogatstva, ali kulturna civilizacija proizlazi samo iz onih uvjeta materijalnog blagostanja koje omogućuje spoj dokolice i ambicije.
81:6.6 (907.3)
2. Capital goods. Culture is never developed under conditions of poverty; leisure is essential to the progress of civilization. Individual character of moral and spiritual value may be acquired in the absence of material wealth, but a cultural civilization is only derived from those conditions of material prosperity which foster leisure combined with ambition.
U primitivnim vremenima život na Urantiji bio je ozbiljan i težak. Upravo kako bi izbjeglo tu neprekidnu borbu i beskrajni trud, čovječanstvo je stalno težilo prema blagoj klimi tropa. Iako su te toplije zone pružale određeno olakšanje od intenzivne borbe za opstanak, rase i plemena koja su tražila takvu lakoću rijetko su koristila svoju nezasluženu dokolicu za napredak civilizacije. Društveni napredak uvijek je proizlazio iz misli i planova onih rasa koje su, zahvaljujući svojem inteligentnom radu, naučile kako iz zemlje izvući sredstva za život uz manji napor i kraće radno vrijeme te su tako mogle uživati zasluženu i korisnu mjeru dokolice.
81:6.7 (907.4)
During primitive times life on Urantia was a serious and sober business. And it was to escape this incessant struggle and interminable toil that mankind constantly tended to drift toward the salubrious climate of the tropics. While these warmer zones of habitation afforded some remission from the intense struggle for existence, the races and tribes who thus sought ease seldom utilized their unearned leisure for the advancement of civilization. Social progress has invariably come from the thoughts and plans of those races that have, by their intelligent toil, learned how to wrest a living from the land with lessened effort and shortened days of labor and thus have been able to enjoy a well-earned and profitable margin of leisure.
3. Znanstveno znanje. Materijalni aspekti civilizacije uvijek moraju čekati na akumulaciju znanstvenih spoznaja. Prošlo je mnogo vremena nakon otkrića luka i strijele i korištenja životinja kao izvora snage prije nego što je čovjek naučio kako iskoristiti vjetar i vodu, nakon čega su uslijedili para i električna energija. No postupno su se alati civilizacije usavršavali. Tkanje, izrada keramike, pripitomljavanje životinja i obrada metala prethodili su razdoblju pisanja i tiskanja.
81:6.8 (907.5)
3. Scientific knowledge. The material aspects of civilization must always await the accumulation of scientific data. It was a long time after the discovery of the bow and arrow and the utilization of animals for power purposes before man learned how to harness wind and water, to be followed by the employment of steam and electricity. But slowly the tools of civilization improved. Weaving, pottery, the domestication of animals, and metalworking were followed by an age of writing and printing.
81:6.9 (907.6)
Knowledge is power. Invention always precedes the acceleration of cultural development on a world-wide scale. Science and invention benefited most of all from the printing press, and the interaction of all these cultural and inventive activities has enormously accelerated the rate of cultural advancement.
4. Ljudski resursi. Ljudski potencijal neophodan je za širenje civilizacije. Ako su svi ostali uvjeti jednaki, brojniji narod nadvladat će civilizaciju manje rase. Stoga neuspjeh u povećanju broja stanovništva do određene granice sprječava potpuno ostvarenje nacionalne sudbine, ali dolazi točka u kojoj daljnji rast postaje poguban. Povećanje broja stanovništva iznad optimalnog omjera između ljudi i zemljišta znači ili snižavanje životnog standarda ili neposredno širenje teritorijalnih granica mirnim prodorom ili vojnim osvajanjima, prisilnim zauzimanjem.
81:6.11 (907.8)
4. Human resources. Man power is indispensable to the spread of civilization. All things equal, a numerous people will dominate the civilization of a smaller race. Hence failure to increase in numbers up to a certain point prevents the full realization of national destiny, but there comes a point in population increase where further growth is suicidal. Multiplication of numbers beyond the optimum of the normal man-land ratio means either a lowering of the standards of living or an immediate expansion of territorial boundaries by peaceful penetration or by military conquest, forcible occupation.
Ponekad ste zgroženi razaranjima rata, ali trebate prepoznati potrebu za stvaranjem velikog broja smrtnika kako bi se omogućile široke mogućnosti za društveni i moralni razvoj; s takvom planetarnom plodnošću ubrzo se javlja ozbiljan problem prenapučenosti. Većina nastanjenih svjetova je mala. Urantija je prosječna, možda čak i malo manja. Optimalna stabilizacija nacionalnog stanovništva unapređuje kulturu i sprječava rat. A mudra je ona nacija koja zna kada treba prestati rasti.
81:6.12 (908.1)
You are sometimes shocked at the ravages of war, but you should recognize the necessity for producing large numbers of mortals so as to afford ample opportunity for social and moral development; with such planetary fertility there soon occurs the serious problem of overpopulation. Most of the inhabited worlds are small. Urantia is average, perhaps a trifle undersized. The optimum stabilization of national population enhances culture and prevents war. And it is a wise nation which knows when to cease growing.
Ali kontinent najbogatiji prirodnim resursima i s najnaprednijom mehaničkom opremom malo će napredovati ako inteligencija njegova stanovništva opada. Znanje se može steći obrazovanjem, ali mudrost, koja je neophodna za istinsku kulturu, može se steći samo iskustvom i kod muškaraca i žena koji su urođeno inteligentni. Takav narod sposoban je učiti iz iskustva; on može postati istinski mudar.
81:6.13 (908.2)
But the continent richest in natural deposits and the most advanced mechanical equipment will make little progress if the intelligence of its people is on the decline. Knowledge can be had by education, but wisdom, which is indispensable to true culture, can be secured only through experience and by men and women who are innately intelligent. Such a people are able to learn from experience; they may become truly wise.
5. Učinkovitost materijalnih resursa. Mnogo toga ovisi o mudrosti iskazanoj u korištenju prirodnih resursa, znanstvenog znanja, kapitalnih dobara i ljudskog potencijala. Osnovni čimbenik rane civilizacije bila je snaga koju su vršili mudri društveni vođe; primitivnom je čovjeku civilizacija bila nametnuta od njegovih naprednijih suvremenika. Organizirane i nadmoćne manjine uvelike su vladale ovim svijetom.
81:6.14 (908.3)
5. Effectiveness of material resources. Much depends on the wisdom displayed in the utilization of natural resources, scientific knowledge, capital goods, and human potentials. The chief factor in early civilization was the force exerted by wise social masters; primitive man had civilization literally thrust upon him by his superior contemporaries. Well-organized and superior minorities have largely ruled this world.
6. Učinkovitost jezika. Širenje civilizacije ovisi o jeziku. Živi i razvijajući jezici osiguravaju širenje civiliziranog mišljenja i planiranja. Tijekom ranih razdoblja postignut je značajan napredak u jeziku. Danas postoji velika potreba za daljnjim razvojem jezika kako bi se olakšalo izražavanje evoluirajuće ljudske misli.
81:6.16 (908.5)
6. Effectiveness of language. The spread of civilization must wait upon language. Live and growing languages insure the expansion of civilized thinking and planning. During the early ages important advances were made in language. Today, there is great need for further linguistic development to facilitate the expression of evolving thought.
Jezik se razvio iz društvenih skupina, pri čemu je svaka razvila vlastiti sustav razmjene riječi. Razvijao se kroz geste, znakove, uzvike, oponašajuće zvukove, intonaciju i naglasak, sve do glasovnog izražavanja koje je naposljetku dovelo do razvoja pisama. Jezik je čovjekovo najvažnije i najkorisnije misaono oruđe, ali nije procvao dok ljudi nisu stekli određenu mjeru dokolice. Sklonost poigravanju jezikom stvara nove riječi — žargon. Ako ga većina usvoji, žargon postaje jezik. Porijeko dijalekata najbolje se vidi u dječjem govoru unutar obitelji.
81:6.17 (908.6)
Language evolved out of group associations, each local group developing its own system of word exchange. Language grew up through gestures, signs, cries, imitative sounds, intonation, and accent to the vocalization of subsequent alphabets. Language is man’s greatest and most serviceable thinking tool, but it never flourished until social groups acquired some leisure. The tendency to play with language develops new words—slang. If the majority adopt the slang, then usage constitutes it language. The origin of dialects is illustrated by the indulgence in “baby talk” in a family group.
Razlike u jeziku oduvijek su bile velika prepreka širenju mira. Prevladavanje dijalekata mora prethoditi širenju kulture kroz jednu rasu, preko kontinenta ili na cijeli svijet. Univerzalni jezik potiče mir, osigurava kulturu i povećava sreću. Čak i kada se jezici nekog svijeta svedu na nekoliko, njihovo ovladavanje od strane vodećih kulturnih naroda snažno utječe na ostvarenje svjetskog mira i blagostanja.
81:6.18 (908.7)
Language differences have ever been the great barrier to the extension of peace. The conquest of dialects must precede the spread of a culture throughout a race, over a continent, or to a whole world. A universal language promotes peace, insures culture, and augments happiness. Even when the tongues of a world are reduced to a few, the mastery of these by the leading cultural peoples mightily influences the achievement of world-wide peace and prosperity.
81:6.19 (908.8)
While very little progress has been made on Urantia toward developing an international language, much has been accomplished by the establishment of international commercial exchange. And all these international relations should be fostered, whether they involve language, trade, art, science, competitive play, or religion.
81:6.20 (909.1)
7. Effectiveness of mechanical devices. The progress of civilization is directly related to the development and possession of tools, machines, and channels of distribution. Improved tools, ingenious and efficient machines, determine the survival of contending groups in the arena of advancing civilization.
U ranim razdobljima jedina energija koja se primjenjivala u obradi zemlje bila je ljudska snaga. Bio je to dugotrajan proces zamjene ljudi volovima, jer je to ljude lišavalo zaposlenja. Kasnije su strojevi počeli potiskivati ljude, a svaki takav napredak izravno pridonosi razvoju društva jer oslobađa ljudski potencijal za obavljanje vrjednijih zadataka.
81:6.21 (909.2)
In the early days the only energy applied to land cultivation was man power. It was a long struggle to substitute oxen for men since this threw men out of employment. Latterly, machines have begun to displace men, and every such advance is directly contributory to the progress of society because it liberates man power for the accomplishment of more valuable tasks.
Znanost, vođena mudrošću, može postati velik društveni osloboditelj čovjeka. Mehaničko doba može biti pogubno samo za onu naciju čija je intelektualna razina preniska da otkrije mudre metode i zdrave načine prilagodbe teškoćama prijelaza koje nastaju zbog naglog gubitka zaposlenja velikog broja ljudi uslijed prebrzog uvođenja novih vrsta strojeva koji štede rad.
81:6.22 (909.3)
Science, guided by wisdom, may become man’s great social liberator. A mechanical age can prove disastrous only to a nation whose intellectual level is too low to discover those wise methods and sound techniques for successfully adjusting to the transition difficulties arising from the sudden loss of employment by large numbers consequent upon the too rapid invention of new types of laborsaving machinery.
8. Karakter nositelja baklje. Društveno nasljeđe omogućuje čovjeku da stoji na ramenima svih koji su mu prethodili i pridonijeli razvoju kulture i znanja. U prijenosu kulturne baklje s naraštaja na naraštaj dom uvijek ostaje temeljna ustanova. Slijede igra i društveni život, a škola dolazi posljednja, ali je jednako neizostavna u složenom i visoko organiziranom društvu.
81:6.23 (909.4)
8. Character of torchbearers. Social inheritance enables man to stand on the shoulders of all who have preceded him, and who have contributed aught to the sum of culture and knowledge. In this work of passing on the cultural torch to the next generation, the home will ever be the basic institution. The play and social life comes next, with the school last but equally indispensable in a complex and highly organized society.
81:6.24 (909.5)
Insects are born fully educated and equipped for life—indeed, a very narrow and purely instinctive existence. The human baby is born without an education; therefore man possesses the power, by controlling the educational training of the younger generation, greatly to modify the evolutionary course of civilization.
Najveći utjecaji dvadesetog stoljeća koji su pridonijeli daljnjem razvoju civilizacije i napretku kulture jesu nagli porast svjetskih putovanja i neusporediva poboljšanja u načinima komunikacije. No napredak u obrazovanju nije držao korak s razvojem društvene strukture; isto tako, suvremeno poimanje etike nije se razvijalo u skladu s napretkom na isključivo intelektualnim i znanstvenim područjima. A moderna civilizacija zapela je u pogledu duhovnog razvoja i očuvanja obiteljske ustanove.
81:6.25 (909.6)
The greatest twentieth-century influences contributing to the furtherance of civilization and the advancement of culture are the marked increase in world travel and the unparalleled improvements in methods of communication. But the improvement in education has not kept pace with the expanding social structure; neither has the modern appreciation of ethics developed in correspondence with growth along more purely intellectual and scientific lines. And modern civilization is at a standstill in spiritual development and the safeguarding of the home institution.
9. Rasni ideali. Ideali jedne generacije utiru put sudbine neposrednim potomcima. Kvaliteta nositelja društvene baklje određuje hoće li civilizacija napredovati ili nazadovati. Domovi, crkve i škole jedne generacije unaprijed određuju smjer karaktera sljedeće generacije. Moralni i duhovni zamah neke rase ili nacije uvelike određuje kulturnu brzinu te civilizacije.
81:6.26 (909.7)
9. The racial ideals. The ideals of one generation carve out the channels of destiny for immediate posterity. The quality of the social torchbearers will determine whether civilization goes forward or backward. The homes, churches, and schools of one generation predetermine the character trend of the succeeding generation. The moral and spiritual momentum of a race or a nation largely determines the cultural velocity of that civilization.
Ideali uzdižu izvor društvenog toka. A nijedan tok ne može se uzdići više od svojega izvora, bez obzira na tehnike pritiska ili usmjeravanja koje se primjenjuju. Pokretačka snaga čak i najmaterijalnijih aspekata kulturne civilizacije leži u najmanje materijalnim postignućima društva. Inteligencija može upravljati mehanizmom civilizacije, mudrost ga može usmjeravati, ali duhovni idealizam je energija koja doista uzdiže i unapređuje ljudsku kulturu s jedne razine postignuća na drugu.
81:6.27 (909.8)
Ideals elevate the source of the social stream. And no stream will rise any higher than its source no matter what technique of pressure or directional control may be employed. The driving power of even the most material aspects of a cultural civilization is resident in the least material of society’s achievements. Intelligence may control the mechanism of civilization, wisdom may direct it, but spiritual idealism is the energy which really uplifts and advances human culture from one level of attainment to another.
10. Koordinacija stručnjaka. Civilizacija je uvelike napredovala zahvaljujući ranoj podjeli rada i njezinoj kasnijoj posljedici — specijalizaciji. Danas civilizacija ovisi o učinkovitoj koordinaciji stručnjaka. Kako se društvo širi, mora se pronaći neki način povezivanja stručnjaka iz različitih područja.
81:6.29 (910.2)
10. Co-ordination of specialists. Civilization has been enormously advanced by the early division of labor and by its later corollary of specialization. Civilization is now dependent on the effective co-ordination of specialists. As society expands, some method of drawing together the various specialists must be found.
Društveni, umjetnički, tehnički i industrijski stručnjaci nastavit će se umnožavati i usavršavati svoje vještine i spretnost. No ta raznolikost sposobnosti i razlika u zanimanjima na kraju će oslabiti i razjediniti ljudsko društvo ako se ne razviju učinkovita sredstva koordinacije i suradnje. Međutim, inteligencija koja je sposobna za takvu inventivnost i specijalizaciju mora biti u stanju osmisliti odgovarajuće metode upravljanja i prilagodbe svim problemima koji proizlaze iz brzog rasta izuma i ubrzanog tempa kulturnog širenja.
81:6.30 (910.3)
Social, artistic, technical, and industrial specialists will continue to multiply and increase in skill and dexterity. And this diversification of ability and dissimilarity of employment will eventually weaken and disintegrate human society if effective means of co-ordination and co-operation are not developed. But the intelligence which is capable of such inventiveness and such specialization should be wholly competent to devise adequate methods of control and adjustment for all problems resulting from the rapid growth of invention and the accelerated pace of cultural expansion.
11. Usmjeravanje pojedinaca. Sljedeće razdoblje društvenog razvoja očitovat će se u boljoj i učinkovitijoj suradnji i koordinaciji sve većeg i šireg stupnja specijalizacije. A kako se rad sve više diferencira, mora se razviti neka metoda usmjeravanja pojedinaca prema odgovarajućem zaposlenju. Strojevi nisu jedini uzrok nezaposlenosti među civiliziranim narodima Urantije. Ekonomska složenost i stalni porast industrijske i stručne specijalizacije dodatno otežavaju problem pronalaženja odgovarajućeg zaposlenja.
81:6.31 (910.4)
11. Place-finding devices. The next age of social development will be embodied in a better and more effective co-operation and co-ordination of ever-increasing and expanding specialization. And as labor more and more diversifies, some technique for directing individuals to suitable employment must be devised. Machinery is not the only cause for unemployment among the civilized peoples of Urantia. Economic complexity and the steady increase of industrial and professional specialism add to the problems of labor placement.
Nije dovoljno osposobiti ljude za rad; u složenom društvu moraju postojati i učinkovite metode pronalaženja odgovarajućeg zaposlenja. Prije nego što se građane osposobi za visoko specijalizirane načine zarađivanja za život, treba ih osposobiti za jednu ili više vrsta uobičajenog rada, zanata ili zanimanja koje mogu obavljati u razdobljima privremene nezaposlenosti u svojoj specijalnosti. Nijedna civilizacija ne može dugoročno opstati ako održava velike slojeve nezaposlenih. S vremenom će i najbolji građani postati izopačeni i demoralizirani prihvaćanjem potpore iz javnih sredstava. Čak i privatna dobročinstva postaju štetna ako se predugo pružaju radno sposobnim građanima.
81:6.32 (910.5)
It is not enough to train men for work; in a complex society there must also be provided efficient methods of place finding. Before training citizens in the highly specialized techniques of earning a living, they should be trained in one or more methods of commonplace labor, trades or callings which could be utilized when they were transiently unemployed in their specialized work. No civilization can survive the long-time harboring of large classes of unemployed. In time, even the best of citizens will become distorted and demoralized by accepting support from the public treasury. Even private charity becomes pernicious when long extended to able-bodied citizens.
Takvo visoko specijalizirano društvo neće rado prihvatiti drevne zajedničarske i feudalne običaje starih naroda. Istina, mnoge se zajedničke usluge mogu uspješno i korisno organizirati na društvenoj osnovi, ali visoko obrazovani i izrazito specijalizirani ljudi najbolje se usmjeravaju putem neke metode inteligentne suradnje. Suvremena koordinacija i bratska regulacija stvarat će dugotrajniju suradnju nego starije i primitivnije metode komunizma ili diktatorskih regulativnih sustava utemeljenih na sili.
81:6.33 (910.6)
Such a highly specialized society will not take kindly to the ancient communal and feudal practices of olden peoples. True, many common services can be acceptably and profitably socialized, but highly trained and ultraspecialized human beings can best be managed by some technique of intelligent co-operation. Modernized co-ordination and fraternal regulation will be productive of longer-lived co-operation than will the older and more primitive methods of communism or dictatorial regulative institutions based on force.
81:6.34 (910.7)
12. The willingness to co-operate. One of the great hindrances to the progress of human society is the conflict between the interests and welfare of the larger, more socialized human groups and of the smaller, contrary-minded asocial associations of mankind, not to mention antisocially-minded single individuals.
Nijedna nacionalna civilizacija ne može dugo opstati ako njezine obrazovne metode i religijski ideali ne potiču visoku razinu inteligentnog patriotizma i nacionalne odanosti. Bez takvog inteligentnog patriotizma i kulturne povezanosti sve se nacije raspadaju kao rezultat provincijskih ljubomora i lokalnih samointeresa.
81:6.35 (910.8)
No national civilization long endures unless its educational methods and religious ideals inspire a high type of intelligent patriotism and national devotion. Without this sort of intelligent patriotism and cultural solidarity, all nations tend to disintegrate as a result of provincial jealousies and local self-interests.
81:6.36 (911.1)
The maintenance of world-wide civilization is dependent on human beings learning how to live together in peace and fraternity. Without effective co-ordination, industrial civilization is jeopardized by the dangers of ultraspecialization: monotony, narrowness, and the tendency to breed distrust and jealousy.
13. Učinkovito i mudro vodstvo. U civilizaciji mnogo, zaista mnogo, ovisi o predanom i učinkovitom zajedničkom naporu. Deset ljudi vrijedi jedva više od jednoga pri podizanju velikog tereta ako ne djeluju zajedno — u istom trenutku. A takav timski rad — društvena suradnja — ovisi o vodstvu. Kulturne civilizacije prošlosti i sadašnjosti temeljile su se na inteligentnoj suradnji građana s mudrim i naprednim vođama; i sve dok čovjek ne dosegne više razine razvoja, civilizacija će i dalje ovisiti o mudrom i snažnom vodstvu.
81:6.37 (911.2)
13. Effective and wise leadership. In civilization much, very much, depends on an enthusiastic and effective load-pulling spirit. Ten men are of little more value than one in lifting a great load unless they lift together—all at the same moment. And such teamwork—social co-operation—is dependent on leadership. The cultural civilizations of the past and the present have been based upon the intelligent co-operation of the citizenry with wise and progressive leaders; and until man evolves to higher levels, civilization will continue to be dependent on wise and vigorous leadership.
14. Društvene promjene. Društvo nije božanska ustanova; ono je proizvod postupne evolucije. Napredak civilizacije uvijek kasni kada su njezini vođe spori u uvođenju onih promjena u društvenoj organizaciji koje su nužne kako bi se držao korak sa suvremenim znanstvenim razvojem. Unatoč tome, stvari ne treba prezirati samo zato što su stare, niti neku ideju treba bezuvjetno prihvatiti samo zato što je nova i neobična.
81:6.39 (911.4)
14. Social changes. Society is not a divine institution; it is a phenomenon of progressive evolution; and advancing civilization is always delayed when its leaders are slow in making those changes in the social organization which are essential to keeping pace with the scientific developments of the age. For all that, things must not be despised just because they are old, neither should an idea be unconditionally embraced just because it is novel and new.
Čovjek se ne bi trebao bojati eksperimentirati s mehanizmima društva. No takvi pothvati prilagodbe kulture uvijek trebaju biti pod nadzorom onih koji su u potpunosti upoznati s poviješću društvene evolucije; a takve inovatore treba savjetovati mudrost onih koji imaju praktično iskustvo u područjima planiranih društvenih ili ekonomskih eksperimenata. Nijedna velika društvena ili ekonomska promjena ne bi se smjela poduzimati naglo. Vrijeme je neophodno za sve oblike ljudske prilagodbe — fizičke, društvene ili ekonomske. Samo se moralne i duhovne prilagodbe mogu pokrenuti trenutačno, a i njima je potrebno vrijeme da se u potpunosti očituju njihove materijalne i društvene posljedice. Ideali rase glavni su oslonac i jamstvo u kritičnim razdobljima prijelaza s jedne civilizacijske razine na drugu.
81:6.40 (911.5)
Man should be unafraid to experiment with the mechanisms of society. But always should these adventures in cultural adjustment be controlled by those who are fully conversant with the history of social evolution; and always should these innovators be counseled by the wisdom of those who have had practical experience in the domains of contemplated social or economic experiment. No great social or economic change should be attempted suddenly. Time is essential to all types of human adjustment—physical, social, or economic. Only moral and spiritual adjustments can be made on the spur of the moment, and even these require the passing of time for the full outworking of their material and social repercussions. The ideals of the race are the chief support and assurance during the critical times when civilization is in transit from one level to another.
15. Sprječavanje sloma u prijelazu. Društvo je plod dugotrajnog procesa pokušaja i pogrešaka; ono je to što je opstalo kroz selektivna i ponovna usklađenja u uzastopnim fazama dugotrajnog uspona čovječanstva s životinjske na ljudsku razinu planetarnog statusa. Velika opasnost za svaku civilizaciju — u bilo kojem trenutku — jest prijetnja sloma tijekom prijelaza s ustaljenih metoda prošlosti na nove i bolje, ali još neprovjerene postupke budućnosti.
81:6.41 (911.6)
15. The prevention of transitional breakdown. Society is the offspring of age upon age of trial and error; it is what survived the selective adjustments and readjustments in the successive stages of mankind’s agelong rise from animal to human levels of planetary status. The great danger to any civilization—at any one moment—is the threat of breakdown during the time of transition from the established methods of the past to those new and better, but untried, procedures of the future.
I upravo se tim prečkama na evolucijskoj ljestvici civilizacija uzdigla do razine na kojoj su mogli biti pokrenuti oni snažni utjecaji koji su doveli do brzog širenja kulture dvadesetog stoljeća. I samo pridržavanjem tih temeljnih načela čovjek može održati suvremene civilizacije, istodobno osiguravajući njihov daljnji razvoj i siguran opstanak.
81:6.43 (911.8)
And it was by these rungs on the evolutionary ladder that civilization climbed to that place where those mighty influences could be initiated which have culminated in the rapidly expanding culture of the twentieth century. And only by adherence to these essentials can man hope to maintain his present-day civilizations while providing for their continued development and certain survival.
To je sažetak te duge, duge borbe naroda Zemlje za uspostavu civilizacije još od Adamova doba. Suvremena kultura konačni je rezultat te naporne evolucije. Prije otkrića tiska napredak je bio razmjerno spor, jer jedna generacija nije mogla tako brzo imati koristi od postignuća svojih prethodnika. No danas ljudsko društvo napreduje pod utjecajem nagomilanog zamaha svih razdoblja kroz koja se civilizacija razvijala.
81:6.44 (912.1)
This is the gist of the long, long struggle of the peoples of earth to establish civilization since the age of Adam. Present-day culture is the net result of this strenuous evolution. Before the discovery of printing, progress was relatively slow since one generation could not so rapidly benefit from the achievements of its predecessors. But now human society is plunging forward under the force of the accumulated momentum of all the ages through which civilization has struggled.