Knjiga Urantije
DIO III. Povijest Urantije
POGLAVLJE 57 : PORIJEKLO URANTIJE
Sekcije
- Uvod
- § 1. ANDRONOVERSKA MAGLICA
- § 2. PRIMARNI STADIJ MAGLICE
- § 3. SEKUNDARNI STADIJ MAGLICE
- § 4. TERCIJARNI I KVARTARNI STADIJ
- § 5. PORIJEKLO MONMATIJE - SUNČEVA SUSTAVA URANTIJE
- § 6. STADIJ SUNČEVA SUSTAVA - ERA FORMIRANJA PLANETA
- § 7. METEORSKA ERA - VULKANSKO DOBA - PRIMITIVNA PLANETARNA ATMOSFERA
- § 8. STABILIZACIJA KORE - DOBA POTRESA - SVJETSKI OCEAN I PRVI KONTINENT
Paper 57
The Origin of Urantia
The Origin of Urantia
Sections
- Introduction
- § 1. The Andronover Nebula
- § 2. The Primary Nebular Stage
- § 3. The Secondary Nebular Stage
- § 4. Tertiary and Quartan Stages
- § 5. Origin of Monmatia—The Urantia Solar System
- § 6. The Solar System Stage—The Planet-Forming Era
- § 7. The Meteoric Era—The Volcanic Age
The Primitive Planetary Atmosphere - § 8. Crustal Stabilization
The Age of Earthquakes
The World Ocean and the First Continent
U PREDSTAVLJANJU izvadaka iz arhive Jeruzema o porijeklu i ranoj povijesti Urantije, upućeni smo računati vrijeme prema današnjem načinu mjerenja — prema prijestupnoj kalendarskoj godini od 365¼ dana. U pravilu nećemo navoditi točne godine premda su one zabilježene. Koristit ćemo najbliže cijele brojeve kao prikladniji način iznošenja ovih povijesnih činjenica.
57:0.1 (651.1)
IN PRESENTING excerpts from the archives of Jerusem for the records of Urantia respecting its antecedents and early history, we are directed to reckon time in terms of current usage—the present leap-year calendar of 365¼ days to the year. As a rule, no attempt will be made to give exact years, though they are of record. We will use the nearest whole numbers as the better method of presenting these historic facts.
Kada govorimo o događaju koji se zbio prije jednog ili dva milijuna godina, mislimo na događaj koji datira toliko godina unatrag od prvih desetljeća dvadesetog stoljeća kršćanske ere. Stoga ćemo ove davne događaje prikazivati kao da su se zbivali u zaokruženim razdobljima od tisuća, milijuna i milijardi godina.
57:0.2 (651.2)
When referring to an event as of one or two millions of years ago, we intend to date such an occurrence back that number of years from the early decades of the twentieth century of the Christian era. We will thus depict these far-distant events as occurring in even periods of thousands, millions, and billions of years.
Urantija potječe od vašeg Sunca, a vaše Sunce jedno je od mnogobrojnih potomaka andronoverske maglice koja je nekoć bila organizirana kao sastavni dio fizičke energije i materijalne tvari lokalnog svemira Nebadona. A ova velika maglica sama je nastala iz sveopćeg naboja sile prostora u supersvemiru Orvontonu, u veoma, veoma davna vremena.
57:1.1 (651.3)
Urantia is of origin in your sun, and your sun is one of the multifarious offspring of the Andronover nebula, which was onetime organized as a component part of the physical power and material matter of the local universe of Nebadon. And this great nebula itself took origin in the universal force-charge of space in the superuniverse of Orvonton, long, long ago.
Prije 987 milijardi godina pridruženi organizator sile i tadašnji vršitelj dužnosti inspektora broj 811.307 iz orvontonske serije, putujući iz Uverse, izvijestio je Stare Dane da su uvjeti u prostoru povoljni za pokretanje fenomena materijalizacije u određenom sektoru tadašnjeg istočnog dijela Orvontona.
57:1.3 (651.5)
987,000,000,000 years ago associate force organizer and then acting inspector number 811,307 of the Orvonton series, traveling out from Uversa, reported to the Ancients of Days that space conditions were favorable for the initiation of materialization phenomena in a certain sector of the, then, easterly segment of Orvonton.
Prije 900 milijardi godina, kako bilježi arhiva Uverse, zabilježena je dozvola koju je Vijeće Ravnoteže Uverse izdalo vladi supersvemira, ovlašćujući slanje organizatora sile i pomoćnog osoblja u područje koje je prethodno odredio inspektor broj 811.307. Orvontonske vlasti povjerile su izvornom otkrivaču ovog potencijalnog svemira izvršenje mandata Starih Dana kojim je naloženo organiziranje novog materijalnog stvaranja.
57:1.4 (651.6)
900,000,000,000 years ago, the Uversa archives testify, there was recorded a permit issued by the Uversa Council of Equilibrium to the superuniverse government authorizing the dispatch of a force organizer and staff to the region previously designated by inspector number 811,307. The Orvonton authorities commissioned the original discoverer of this potential universe to execute the mandate of the Ancients of Days calling for the organization of a new material creation.
57:1.5 (652.1)
The recording of this permit signifies that the force organizer and staff had already departed from Uversa on the long journey to that easterly space sector where they were subsequently to engage in those protracted activities which would terminate in the emergence of a new physical creation in Orvonton.
Prije 875 milijardi godina službeno je započeto formiranje goleme andronoverske maglice broj 876.926. Za pokretanje energetskog vrtloga koji je s vremenom prerastao u ovaj golemi svemirski ciklon bila je potrebna samo prisutnost organizatora sile i njegovog pomoćnog osoblja. Nakon pokretanja takvih magličnih vrtložnih kretanja, živi organizatori sile jednostavno se povlače pod pravim kutom u odnosu na ravninu rotirajućeg diska, a od tog trenutka urođena svojstva energije osiguravaju progresivnu i uređenu evoluciju takvog novog fizičkog sustava.
57:1.6 (652.2)
875,000,000,000 years ago the enormous Andronover nebula number 876,926 was duly initiated. Only the presence of the force organizer and the liaison staff was required to inaugurate the energy whirl which eventually grew into this vast cyclone of space. Subsequent to the initiation of such nebular revolutions, the living force organizers simply withdraw at right angles to the plane of the revolutionary disk, and from that time forward, the inherent qualities of energy insure the progressive and orderly evolution of such a new physical system.
Otprilike u to vrijeme pripovijest se prebacuje na djelovanje ličnosti supersvemira. U stvarnosti, priča ovdje zapravo i započinje — upravo u vrijeme kada se Rajski organizatori sile pripremaju povući nakon što su uvjete prostorne energije doveli u stanje spremno za djelovanje upravitelja moći i fizičkih kontrolora supersvemira Orvontona.
57:1.7 (652.3)
At about this time the narrative shifts to the functioning of the personalities of the superuniverse. In reality the story has its proper beginning at this point—at just about the time the Paradise force organizers are preparing to withdraw, having made the space-energy conditions ready for the action of the power directors and physical controllers of the superuniverse of Orvonton.
Sve evolucijske materijalne tvorevine rađaju se iz kružnih plinovitih maglica, a sve takve primarne maglice zadržavaju kružni oblik tijekom ranog dijela svog plinovitog postojanja. Kako stare, obično poprimaju spiralni oblik, a nakon što dovrše svoju funkciju stvaranja sunaca, često završavaju kao zvjezdani skupovi ili kao golema sunca okružena različitim brojem planeta, satelita i manjih nakupina tvari koje po mnogočemu nalikuju vašem vlastitom malom Sunčevom sustavu.
57:2.1 (652.4)
All evolutionary material creations are born of circular and gaseous nebulae, and all such primary nebulae are circular throughout the early part of their gaseous existence. As they grow older, they usually become spiral, and when their function of sun formation has run its course, they often terminate as clusters of stars or as enormous suns surrounded by a varying number of planets, satellites, and smaller groups of matter in many ways resembling your own diminutive solar system.
Prije 800 milijardi godina andronoverska tvorevina već je bila dobro uspostavljena kao jedna od veličanstvenih primarnih maglica Orvontona. Kada su astronomi obližnjih svemira promatrali ovaj svemirski fenomen, vidjeli su vrlo malo toga što bi privuklo njihovu pozornost. Procjene gravitacijskih odnosa provedene u susjednim tvorevinama pokazivale su da se u područjima Andronovera odvijaju materijalizacije prostora, ali to je bilo sve.
57:2.2 (652.5)
800,000,000,000 years ago the Andronover creation was well established as one of the magnificent primary nebulae of Orvonton. As the astronomers of near-by universes looked out upon this phenomenon of space, they saw very little to attract their attention. Gravity estimates made in adjacent creations indicated that space materializations were taking place in the Andronover regions, but that was all.
Prije 700 milijardi godina andronoverski sustav poprimao je goleme razmjere, pa su dodatni fizički kontrolori bili poslani u devet okolnih materijalnih tvorevina kako bi pružili potporu i opskrbenu suradnju centrima moći ovog novog materijalnog sustava koji se tako brzo razvijao. U to davno vrijeme sva tvar namijenjena kasnijim tvorevinama nalazila se unutar granica ovog golemog svemirskog kotača koji se neprestano vrtio i koji se, nakon što je dosegao svoj najveći promjer, vrtio sve brže i brže dok se nastavljao zgušnjavati i sažimati.
57:2.3 (652.6)
700,000,000,000 years ago the Andronover system was assuming gigantic proportions, and additional physical controllers were dispatched to nine surrounding material creations to afford support and supply co-operation to the power centers of this new material system which was so rapidly evolving. At this distant date all of the material bequeathed to the subsequent creations was held within the confines of this gigantic space wheel, which continued ever to whirl and, after reaching its maximum of diameter, to whirl faster and faster as it continued to condense and contract.
Prije 600 milijardi godina dosegnut je vrhunac razdoblja mobilizacije energije Andronovera; maglica je dostigla svoju najveću masu. U to vrijeme bila je golemi kružni oblak plina oblika koji je donekle nalikovao spljoštenom sferoidu. To je bilo rano razdoblje diferencijalnog formiranja mase i promjenjivih brzina vrtnje. Gravitacija i drugi utjecaji upravo su trebali započeti svoj posao pretvaranja prostornih plinova u organiziranu tvar.
57:2.4 (652.7)
600,000,000,000 years ago the height of the Andronover energy-mobilization period was attained; the nebula had acquired its maximum of mass. At this time it was a gigantic circular gas cloud in shape somewhat like a flattened spheroid. This was the early period of differential mass formation and varying revolutionary velocity. Gravity and other influences were about to begin their work of converting space gases into organized matter.
Golema maglica sada je postupno počela poprimati spiralni oblik i postajati jasno vidljiva astronomima čak i udaljenih svemira. To je prirodni razvoj većine maglica; prije nego što počnu izbacivati sunca i započnu posao izgradnje svemira, ove sekundarne svemirske maglice obično se promatraju kao spiralne pojave.
57:3.1 (653.1)
The enormous nebula now began gradually to assume the spiral form and to become clearly visible to the astronomers of even distant universes. This is the natural history of most nebulae; before they begin to throw off suns and start upon the work of universe building, these secondary space nebulae are usually observed as spiral phenomena.
Proučavatelji zvijezda iz obližnjih područja tog dalekog doba, promatrajući ovu preobrazbu andronoverske maglice, vidjeli su upravo ono što astronomi dvadesetog stoljeća vide kada svoje teleskope usmjere prema svemiru i promatraju spiralne maglice sadašnjeg doba u susjednim područjima vanjskog prostora.
Otprilike u vrijeme dostizanja najveće mase, gravitacijska kontrola plinovitog sadržaja počela je slabjeti te je nastupio stadij istjecanja plinova. Plin je počeo otjecati u dva golema i jasno odvojena kraka koja su nastala na suprotnim stranama matične mase. Brza vrtnja ove goleme središnje jezgre ubrzo je tim dvama izbočenim plinovitim tokovima dala spiralni izgled. Hlađenje i naknadno sažimanje dijelova tih izbočenih krakova na kraju su proizveli njihov čvornati izgled. Ti gušći dijelovi bili su golemi sustavi i podsustavi fizičke tvari koji su se vrtjeli kroz prostor usred plinovitog oblaka maglice, dok su istodobno bili čvrsto zadržani u gravitacijskom zagrljaju matičnog kotača.
57:3.3 (653.3)
About the time of the attainment of the maximum of mass, the gravity control of the gaseous content commenced to weaken, and there ensued the stage of gas escapement, the gas streaming forth as two gigantic and distinct arms, which took origin on opposite sides of the mother mass. The rapid revolutions of this enormous central core soon imparted a spiral appearance to these two projecting gas streams. The cooling and subsequent condensation of portions of these protruding arms eventually produced their knotted appearance. These denser portions were vast systems and subsystems of physical matter whirling through space in the midst of the gaseous cloud of the nebula while being held securely within the gravity grasp of the mother wheel.
No maglica se počela sažimati, a povećanje brzine vrtnje dodatno je oslabilo gravitacijsku kontrolu. Uskoro su vanjska plinovita područja počela izmicati neposrednom gravitacijskom zagrljaju jezgre maglice, odlazeći u prostor po putanjama nepravilnog oblika, vraćajući se zatim u područja jezgre kako bi dovršila svoje kruženje, i tako redom. Ali to je bio samo privremeni stadij razvoja maglice. Neprestano povećavanje brzine vrtnje uskoro je trebalo izbaciti golema sunca u prostor na samostalne putanje.
57:3.4 (653.4)
But the nebula had begun to contract, and the increase in the rate of revolution further lessened gravity control; and erelong, the outer gaseous regions began actually to escape from the immediate embrace of the nebular nucleus, passing out into space on circuits of irregular outline, returning to the nuclear regions to complete their circuits, and so on. But this was only a temporary stage of nebular progression. The ever-increasing rate of whirling was soon to throw enormous suns off into space on independent circuits.
A upravo se to dogodilo u Andronoveru prije nebrojenih vjekova. Energetski kotač rastao je i rastao sve dok nije dosegao svoje najveće širenje, a zatim se, nakon što je započelo sažimanje, vrtio sve brže i brže dok naposljetku nije dosegnut kritični centrifugalni stadij i dok nije započeo veliki raspad.
57:3.5 (653.5)
And this is what happened in Andronover ages upon ages ago. The energy wheel grew and grew until it attained its maximum of expansion, and then, when contraction set in, it whirled on faster and faster until, eventually, the critical centrifugal stage was reached and the great breakup began.
Prije 500 milijardi godina rođeno je prvo sunce Andronovera. Ova blistava vatrena masa otrgnula se iz gravitacijskog zagrljaja matične mase i otisnula u prostor na samostalnu pustolovinu kroz kozmos stvaranja. Ona se kretala putanjom određenom smjerom izdvajanja. Takva mlada sunca brzo poprimaju kuglasti oblik i započinju svoje duge i burne karijere kao zvijezde prostora. Izuzev završnih magličnih jezgri, golema većina sunaca Orvontona nastala je na sličan način. Ta izdvojena sunca prolaze kroz različita razdoblja evolucije i kasnije službe u svemiru.
57:3.6 (653.6)
500,000,000,000 years ago the first Andronover sun was born. This blazing streak broke away from the mother gravity grasp and tore out into space on an independent adventure in the cosmos of creation. Its orbit was determined by its path of escape. Such young suns quickly become spherical and start out on their long and eventful careers as the stars of space. Excepting terminal nebular nucleuses, the vast majority of Orvonton suns have had an analogous birth. These escaping suns pass through varied periods of evolution and subsequent universe service.
Prije 400 milijardi godina započelo je razdoblje ponovnog privlačenja u andronoverskoj maglici. Mnoga obližnja i manja sunca bila su ponovno privučena kao posljedica postupnog povećavanja i daljnjeg sažimanja matične jezgre. Ubrzo je započela završna faza magličnog sažimanja, razdoblje koje uvijek prethodi konačnom razdvajanju ovih golemih svemirskih nakupina energije i tvari.
57:3.7 (653.7)
400,000,000,000 years ago began the recaptive period of the Andronover nebula. Many of the near-by and smaller suns were recaptured as a result of the gradual enlargement and further condensation of the mother nucleus. Very soon there was inaugurated the terminal phase of nebular condensation, the period which always precedes the final segregation of these immense space aggregations of energy and matter.
Jedva milijun godina nakon tog razdoblja, Mihael Nebadona, Rajski Sin Stvoritelj, odabrao je ovu raspadajuću maglicu kao mjesto svoje pustolovine u izgradnji svemira. Gotovo odmah započela je izgradnja arhitektonskih svjetova Salvingtona i stotinu skupina planeta sjedišta zviježđa. Za dovršenje tih skupina posebno stvorenih svjetova bilo je potrebno gotovo milijun godina. Planeti sjedišta lokalnih sustava građeni su tijekom razdoblja koje se protezalo od tada pa sve do prije otprilike pet milijardi godina.
57:3.8 (654.1)
It was scarcely a million years subsequent to this epoch that Michael of Nebadon, a Creator Son of Paradise, selected this disintegrating nebula as the site of his adventure in universe building. Almost immediately the architectural worlds of Salvington and the one hundred constellation headquarters groups of planets were begun. It required almost one million years to complete these clusters of specially created worlds. The local system headquarters planets were constructed over a period extending from that time to about five billion years ago.
Prije 300 milijardi godina sunčane putanje Andronovera bile su dobro uspostavljene, a maglični sustav prolazio je kroz prolazno razdoblje relativne fizičke stabilnosti. Otprilike u to vrijeme Mihaelovo osoblje stiglo je na Salvington, a orvontonska vlada Uverse službeno je priznala lokalni svemir Nebadon kao fizičku stvarnost.
57:3.9 (654.2)
300,000,000,000 years ago the Andronover solar circuits were well established, and the nebular system was passing through a transient period of relative physical stability. About this time the staff of Michael arrived on Salvington, and the Uversa government of Orvonton extended physical recognition to the local universe of Nebadon.
Prije 200 milijardi godina nastavili su se procesi sažimanja i kondenzacije uz stvaranje golemih količina topline u središnjem andronoverskom skupu, odnosno jezgri mase. Relativni prostor pojavio se čak i u područjima blizu središnjeg matičnog sunčanog kotača. Vanjska područja postajala su sve stabilnija i bolje organizirana; neki planeti koji su kružili oko novorođenih sunaca dovoljno su se ohladili da postanu prikladni za usađivanje života. Najstariji nastanjeni planeti Nebadona potječu iz tog vremena.
57:3.10 (654.3)
200,000,000,000 years ago witnessed the progression of contraction and condensation with enormous heat generation in the Andronover central cluster, or nuclear mass. Relative space appeared even in the regions near the central mother-sun wheel. The outer regions were becoming more stabilized and better organized; some planets revolving around the newborn suns had cooled sufficiently to be suitable for life implantation. The oldest inhabited planets of Nebadon date from these times.
Prije 100 milijardi godina dosegnut je vrhunac kondenzacijske napetosti maglice; dostignuta je točka najveće toplinske napetosti. Ovaj kritični stadij nadmetanja gravitacije i topline ponekad traje vjekovima, ali prije ili kasnije toplina pobjeđuje u borbi s gravitacijom i tada započinje spektakularno razdoblje raspršivanja sunaca. Time završava sekundarna faza razvoja svemirske maglice.
57:3.12 (654.5)
100,000,000,000 years ago the nebular apex of condensation tension was reached; the point of maximum heat tension was attained. This critical stage of gravity-heat contention sometimes lasts for ages, but sooner or later, heat wins the struggle with gravity, and the spectacular period of sun dispersion begins. And this marks the end of the secondary career of a space nebula.
Primarni stadij maglice je kružni; sekundarni je spiralni; tercijarni stadij obilježava prvo raspršivanje sunaca, dok kvartarni obuhvaća drugi i posljednji ciklus raspršivanja sunaca, pri čemu matična jezgra završava ili kao kuglasti zvjezdani skup ili kao usamljeno sunce koje djeluje kao središte završnog Sunčevog sustava.
57:4.1 (654.6)
The primary stage of a nebula is circular; the secondary, spiral; the tertiary stage is that of the first sun dispersion, while the quartan embraces the second and last cycle of sun dispersion, with the mother nucleus ending either as a globular cluster or as a solitary sun functioning as the center of a terminal solar system.
57:4.2 (654.7)
75,000,000,000 years ago this nebula had attained the height of its sun-family stage. This was the apex of the first period of sun losses. The majority of these suns have since possessed themselves of extensive systems of planets, satellites, dark islands, comets, meteors, and cosmic dust clouds.
Prije 25 milijardi godina dovršen je tercijarni ciklus života maglice, što je dovelo do organizacije i relativne stabilizacije daleko raspršenih zvjezdanih sustava nastalih iz ove matične maglice. No proces fizičkog sažimanja i povećanog stvaranja topline nastavio se u središnjoj masi magličnog ostatka.
57:4.4 (654.9)
25,000,000,000 years ago witnessed the completion of the tertiary cycle of nebular life and brought about the organization and relative stabilization of the far-flung starry systems derived from this parent nebula. But the process of physical contraction and increased heat production continued in the central mass of the nebular remnant.
Prije 10 milijardi godina započeo je kvartarni ciklus Andronovera. Bila je dostignuta najviša temperatura jezgrene mase; približavala se kritična točka kondenzacije. Izvorna matična jezgra bila je potresana pod zajedničkim pritiskom vlastite napetosti unutarnje toplinske kondenzacije i sve snažnijeg gravitacijskog plimnog privlačenja okolnog roja oslobođenih sunčevih sustava. Nuklearne erupcije koje su trebale pokrenuti drugi maglični ciklus stvaranja sunaca bile su neposredno pred izbijanjem. Kvartarni ciklus postojanja maglice upravo je trebao započeti.
57:4.5 (655.1)
10,000,000,000 years ago the quartan cycle of Andronover began. The maximum of nuclear-mass temperature had been attained; the critical point of condensation was approaching. The original mother nucleus was convulsing under the combined pressure of its own internal-heat condensation tension and the increasing gravity-tidal pull of the surrounding swarm of liberated sun systems. The nuclear eruptions which were to inaugurate the second nebular sun cycle were imminent. The quartan cycle of nebular existence was about to begin.
Prije 6 milijardi godina završio je konačni raspad i rođeno je vaše Sunce, pedeset i šesto od posljednjih sunaca druge sunčane obitelji Andronovera. Ova završna erupcija maglične jezgre iznjedrila je 136.702 sunca, od kojih su većina bila osamljena nebeska tijela. Ukupan broj sunaca i sunčevih sustava nastalih iz andronoverske maglice iznosio je 1.013.628. Broj sunca vašeg Sunčeva sustava jest 1.013.572.
57:4.8 (655.4)
6,000,000,000 years ago marks the end of the terminal breakup and the birth of your sun, the fifty-sixth from the last of the Andronover second solar family. This final eruption of the nebular nucleus gave birth to 136,702 suns, most of them solitary orbs. The total number of suns and sun systems having origin in the Andronover nebula was 1,013,628. The number of the solar system sun is 1,013,572.
A sada velike andronoverske maglice više nema, ali ona nastavlja živjeti u mnogim suncima i njihovim planetarnim obiteljima koje su potekle iz ovog matičnog oblaka prostora. Posljednji jezgreni ostatak ove veličanstvene maglice još uvijek gori crvenkastim sjajem i nastavlja davati umjerenu svjetlost i toplinu svojoj preostaloj planetarnoj obitelji od sto šezdeset i pet svjetova koji sada kruže oko ove časne majke dviju moćnih generacija vladara svjetlosti.
57:4.9 (655.5)
And now the great Andronover nebula is no more, but it lives on in the many suns and their planetary families which originated in this mother cloud of space. The final nuclear remnant of this magnificent nebula still burns with a reddish glow and continues to give forth moderate light and heat to its remnant planetary family of one hundred and sixty-five worlds, which now revolve about this venerable mother of two mighty generations of the monarchs of light.
Danas je vaše Sunce postiglo relativnu stabilnost, ali njegovi ciklusi Sunčevih pjega od jedanaest i pol godina odaju da je u mladosti bilo promjenjiva zvijezda. U ranim danima njegova postojanja, neprekidno sažimanje i posljedično postupno povećavanje temperature pokrenuli su goleme potrese na njegovoj površini. Ova titanska uzdizanja i spuštanja zahtijevala su tri i pol dana za dovršenje jednog ciklusa promjenjivog sjaja. To promjenjivo stanje, ta periodična pulsacija, učinili su vaše Sunce vrlo osjetljivim na određene vanjske utjecaje s kojima se uskoro trebalo susresti.
57:5.2 (655.7)
Today, your sun has achieved relative stability, but its eleven and one-half year sunspot cycles betray that it was a variable star in its youth. In the early days of your sun the continued contraction and consequent gradual increase of temperature initiated tremendous convulsions on its surface. These titanic heaves required three and one-half days to complete a cycle of varying brightness. This variable state, this periodic pulsation, rendered your sun highly responsive to certain outside influences which were to be shortly encountered.
Kako se Angona sve više približavala Suncu, tijekom trenutaka najvećeg širenja za vrijeme Sunčevih pulsacija, mlazovi plinovite tvari bili su izbacivani u prostor u obliku golemih Sunčevih jezika. U početku bi se ti plameni plinoviti jezici uvijek vraćali natrag na Sunce, ali kako se Angona sve više približavala, gravitacijsko privlačenje ovog golemog posjetitelja postajalo je toliko snažno da bi se ti jezici plina na određenim mjestima odvajali; njihovi korijeni padali bi natrag na Sunce, dok bi se vanjski dijelovi odcjepljivali i stvarali neovisna tijela tvari, Sunčeve meteorite, koji su odmah počinjali kružiti oko Sunca vlastitim eliptičnim putanjama.
57:5.5 (656.1)
As Angona more closely approached the sun, at moments of maximum expansion during solar pulsations, streams of gaseous material were shot out into space as gigantic solar tongues. At first these flaming gas tongues would invariably fall back into the sun, but as Angona drew nearer and nearer, the gravity pull of the gigantic visitor became so great that these tongues of gas would break off at certain points, the roots falling back into the sun while the outer sections would become detached to form independent bodies of matter, solar meteorites, which immediately started to revolve about the sun in elliptical orbits of their own.
Kako se sustav Angone sve više približavao, Sunčeve izbačine postajale su sve veće i veće; sve više tvari bilo je izvučeno iz Sunca kako bi postalo neovisnim kružećim tijelima u okolnom prostoru. Takvo se stanje razvijalo oko petsto tisuća godina, sve dok se Angona nije najviše približila Suncu. Tada je Sunce, zajedno s jednom od svojih periodičnih unutarnjih konvulzija, doživjelo djelomičan raspad; s dviju suprotnih strana i istodobno, bile su izbačene goleme količine tvari. Sa strane Sunca okrenute prema Angoni izvučen je golem stup Sunčevih plinova, prilično zašiljen na oba kraja i izrazito ispupčen u sredini, koji se trajno odvojio od neposredne gravitacijske kontrole Sunca.
57:5.6 (656.2)
As the Angona system drew nearer, the solar extrusions grew larger and larger; more and more matter was drawn from the sun to become independent circulating bodies in surrounding space. This situation developed for about five hundred thousand years until Angona made its closest approach to the sun; whereupon the sun, in conjunction with one of its periodic internal convulsions, experienced a partial disruption; from opposite sides and simultaneously, enormous volumes of matter were disgorged. From the Angona side there was drawn out a vast column of solar gases, rather pointed at both ends and markedly bulging at the center, which became permanently detached from the immediate gravity control of the sun.
Ovaj veliki stup Sunčevih plinova, tako odvojen od Sunca, kasnije se razvio u dvanaest planeta Sunčeva sustava. Povratno izbacivanje plinova sa suprotne strane Sunca, nastalo kao plimni odgovor na izbacivanje ovog golemog pretka Sunčeva sustava, od tada se saželo u meteore i svemirsku prašinu Sunčeva sustava, premda je velik, vrlo velik dio te tvari kasnije ponovno bio privučen Sunčevom gravitacijom kada se sustav Angone povukao u udaljeni prostor.
57:5.7 (656.3)
This great column of solar gases which was thus separated from the sun subsequently evolved into the twelve planets of the solar system. The repercussional ejection of gas from the opposite side of the sun in tidal sympathy with the extrusion of this gigantic solar system ancestor, has since condensed into the meteors and space dust of the solar system, although much, very much, of this matter was subsequently recaptured by solar gravity as the Angona system receded into remote space.
Prije svega, iako je Angona uspjela izvući izvornu tvar od koje su nastali planeti Sunčeva sustava, kao i golemu količinu tvari koja danas kruži oko Sunca u obliku asteroida i meteora, nije uspjela zadržati ništa od te Sunčeve tvari za sebe. Ovaj prolazeći sustav nije se dovoljno približio da bi doista oteo dio Sunčeve tvari, ali se ipak približio dovoljno da u međuprostor izvuče svu tvar od koje je sastavljen današnji Sunčev sustav.
57:5.8 (656.4)
Although Angona succeeded in drawing away the ancestral material of the solar system planets and the enormous volume of matter now circulating about the sun as asteroids and meteors, it did not secure for itself any of this solar matter. The visiting system did not come quite close enough to actually steal any of the sun’s substance, but it did swing sufficiently close to draw off into the intervening space all of the material comprising the present-day solar system.
Pet unutarnjih i pet vanjskih planeta ubrzo su se u umanjenom obliku formirali iz rashlađenih i sažetih jezgri u manje masivnim i suženim krajevima golemog gravitacijskog ispupčenja koje je Angona uspjela otrgnuti od Sunca, dok su Saturn i Jupiter nastali iz masivnijih i ispupčenijih središnjih dijelova. Snažno gravitacijsko privlačenje Jupitera i Saturna vrlo je rano zarobilo većinu tvari otete od Angone, o čemu svjedoči retrogradno gibanje nekih njihovih satelita.
57:5.9 (656.5)
The five inner and five outer planets soon formed in miniature from the cooling and condensing nucleuses in the less massive and tapering ends of the gigantic gravity bulge which Angona had succeeded in detaching from the sun, while Saturn and Jupiter were formed from the more massive and bulging central portions. The powerful gravity pull of Jupiter and Saturn early captured most of the material stolen from Angona as the retrograde motion of certain of their satellites bears witness.
Jupiter i Saturn, nastali iz samog središta golemog stupa pregrijanih Sunčevih plinova, sadržavali su toliko užarene Sunčeve tvari da su sjali blistavom svjetlošću i isijavali goleme količine topline; oni su zapravo bili sekundarna sunca tijekom kratkog razdoblja nakon što su se oblikovali kao zasebna svemirska tijela. Ova dva najveća planeta Sunčeva sustava do danas su ostala pretežno plinovita i još se nisu ohladila do stupnja potpune kondenzacije ili skrućivanja.
57:5.10 (656.6)
Jupiter and Saturn, being derived from the very center of the enormous column of superheated solar gases, contained so much highly heated sun material that they shone with a brilliant light and emitted enormous volumes of heat; they were in reality secondary suns for a short period after their formation as separate space bodies. These two largest of the solar system planets have remained largely gaseous to this day, not even yet having cooled off to the point of complete condensation or solidification.
Jezgre nastale sažimanjem plinova ostalih deset planeta ubrzo su dosegle stadij skrućivanja te su počele privlačiti sve veće količine meteorske tvari koja je kružila obližnjim prostorom. Tako su svjetovi Sunčeva sustava imali dvostruko porijeklo: jezgre nastale kondenzacijom plinova koje su kasnije uvećane privlačenjem golemih količina meteora. Zapravo, oni i danas nastavljaju privlačiti meteore, premda u znatno manjem broju.
57:5.11 (656.7)
The gas-contraction nucleuses of the other ten planets soon reached the stage of solidification and so began to draw to themselves increasing quantities of the meteoric matter circulating in near-by space. The worlds of the solar system thus had a double origin: nucleuses of gas condensation later on augmented by the capture of enormous quantities of meteors. Indeed they still continue to capture meteors, but in greatly lessened numbers.
57:5.12 (657.1)
The planets do not swing around the sun in the equatorial plane of their solar mother, which they would do if they had been thrown off by solar revolution. Rather, they travel in the plane of the Angona solar extrusion, which existed at a considerable angle to the plane of the sun’s equator.
Iako Angona nije uspjela zarobiti nijedan dio Sunčeve mase, vaše je Sunce svojoj preobražavajućoj planetarnoj obitelji ipak pridodalo dio kružeće prostorne tvari tog prolazećeg sustava. Zbog snažnog gravitacijskog polja Angone, njezina pridružena planetarna obitelj kružila je putanjama na znatnoj udaljenosti od tamnog diva; a nedugo nakon izbacivanja ishodišne mase Sunčeva sustava, dok se Angona još uvijek nalazila u blizini Sunca, tri velika planeta sustava Angone prošla su toliko blizu masivnog pretka Sunčeva sustava da je njegovo gravitacijsko privlačenje, pojačano privlačenjem Sunca, bilo dovoljno snažno da nadvlada gravitacijski zahvat Angone i trajno odvoji ova tri pratitelja nebeskog lutalice.
57:5.13 (657.2)
While Angona was unable to capture any of the solar mass, your sun did add to its metamorphosing planetary family some of the circulating space material of the visiting system. Due to the intense gravity field of Angona, its tributary planetary family pursued orbits of considerable distance from the dark giant; and shortly after the extrusion of the solar system ancestral mass and while Angona was yet in the vicinity of the sun, three of the major planets of the Angona system swung so near to the massive solar system ancestor that its gravitational pull, augmented by that of the sun, was sufficient to overbalance the gravity grasp of Angona and to permanently detach these three tributaries of the celestial wanderer.
Sva tvar Sunčeva sustava koja potječe od Sunca izvorno je bila obdarena jedinstvenim smjerom orbitalnog gibanja, i da nije bilo prodora ova tri strana svemirska tijela, sva bi tvar Sunčeva sustava još uvijek zadržala isti smjer orbitalnog kretanja. No udar ta tri pratitelja Angone unio je nove i strane usmjeravajuće sile u nastajući Sunčev sustav, što je rezultiralo pojavom retrogradnog gibanja. Retrogradno gibanje u bilo kojem astronomskom sustavu uvijek je slučajno i uvijek se pojavljuje kao posljedica sudarnog utjecaja stranih svemirskih tijela. Takvi sudari ne moraju uvijek proizvesti retrogradno gibanje, ali retrogradno gibanje nikada se ne pojavljuje u sustavu koji ne sadrži mase različitog porijekla.
57:5.14 (657.3)
All of the solar system material derived from the sun was originally endowed with a homogeneous direction of orbital swing, and had it not been for the intrusion of these three foreign space bodies, all solar system material would still maintain the same direction of orbital movement. As it was, the impact of the three Angona tributaries injected new and foreign directional forces into the emerging solar system with the resultant appearance of retrograde motion. Retrograde motion in any astronomic system is always accidental and always appears as a result of the collisional impact of foreign space bodies. Such collisions may not always produce retrograde motion, but no retrograde ever appears except in a system containing masses which have diverse origins.
Nakon nastanka Sunčeva sustava uslijedilo je razdoblje postupnog smanjivanja Sunčevih izbačaja. Sve manjim intenzitetom, tijekom daljnjih petsto tisuća godina, Sunce je nastavilo izbacivati sve manje količine tvari u okolni prostor. No tijekom tih ranih vremena nestabilnih putanja, kada su se okolna tijela najviše približavala Suncu, Sunčev roditelj bio je u stanju ponovno privući velik dio te meteorske tvari.
57:6.1 (657.4)
Subsequent to the birth of the solar system a period of diminishing solar disgorgement ensued. Decreasingly, for another five hundred thousand years, the sun continued to pour forth diminishing volumes of matter into surrounding space. But during these early times of erratic orbits, when the surrounding bodies made their nearest approach to the sun, the solar parent was able to recapture a large portion of this meteoric material.
Planetima najbližima Suncu plimno trenje prvo je počelo usporavati njihovu vrtnju. Takvi gravitacijski utjecaji također pridonose stabilizaciji planetarnih putanja, djelujući kao kočnica brzini rotacije planeta oko vlastite osi, uzrokujući da se planet okreće sve sporije dok rotacija osi ne prestane, ostavljajući jednu hemisferu planeta trajno okrenutu prema Suncu ili većem tijelu, kao što pokazuju planeti Merkur i Mjesec, od kojih Mjesec uvijek okreće isto lice prema Urantiji.
57:6.2 (657.5)
The planets nearest the sun were the first to have their revolutions slowed down by tidal friction. Such gravitational influences also contribute to the stabilization of planetary orbits while acting as a brake on the rate of planetary-axial revolution, causing a planet to revolve ever slower until axial revolution ceases, leaving one hemisphere of the planet always turned toward the sun or larger body, as is illustrated by the planet Mercury and by the moon, which always turns the same face toward Urantia.
Kada se plimna trenja Mjeseca i Zemlje izjednače, Zemlja će uvijek okretati istu hemisferu prema Mjesecu, a dan i mjesec bit će približno jednaki — trajat će oko četrdeset i sedam dana. Kada se postigne takva stabilnost putanja, plimna trenja počet će djelovati u suprotnom smjeru; više neće gurati Mjesec sve dalje od Zemlje, nego će postupno privlačiti satelit prema planetu. A tada, u toj veoma dalekoj budućnosti, kada se Mjesec približi na oko 18.000 kilometara od Zemlje, gravitacijsko djelovanje Zemlje uzrokovat će njegov raspad, a ova plimno-gravitacijska eksplozija razbit će Mjesec na sitne čestice koje se mogu okupiti oko svijeta u obliku prstenova tvari nalik Saturnovima ili mogu postupno biti privučene prema Zemlji kao meteori.
57:6.3 (657.6)
When the tidal frictions of the moon and the earth become equalized, the earth will always turn the same hemisphere toward the moon, and the day and month will be analogous—in length about forty-seven days. When such stability of orbits is attained, tidal frictions will go into reverse action, no longer driving the moon farther away from the earth but gradually drawing the satellite toward the planet. And then, in that far-distant future when the moon approaches to within about eleven thousand miles of the earth, the gravity action of the latter will cause the moon to disrupt, and this tidal-gravity explosion will shatter the moon into small particles, which may assemble about the world as rings of matter resembling those of Saturn or may be gradually drawn into the earth as meteors.
Ako su svemirska tijela slična po veličini i gustoći, može doći do sudara. No ako su dva svemirska tijela slične gustoće, ali znatno različite veličine, tada će se manje tijelo raspasti ako se postupno približava većemu i ako polumjer njegove orbite postane manji od dva i pol puta polumjera većeg tijela. Sudari među divovima svemira doista su rijetki, ali ovakve plimno-gravitacijske eksplozije manjih tijela vrlo su česte.
57:6.4 (658.1)
If space bodies are similar in size and density, collisions may occur. But if two space bodies of similar density are relatively unequal in size, then, if the smaller progressively approaches the larger, the disruption of the smaller body will occur when the radius of its orbit becomes less than two and one-half times the radius of the larger body. Collisions among the giants of space are rare indeed, but these gravity-tidal explosions of lesser bodies are quite common.
Zvijezde padalice pojavljuju se u jatima zato što predstavljaju fragmente većih tijela tvari koja su bila razbijena plimnim gravitacijskim djelovanjem obližnjih i većih svemirskih tijela. Saturnovi prstenovi ostaci su jednog raspadnutog satelita. Jedan od Jupiterovih mjeseca sada se opasno približava kritičnoj zoni plimnog raspada i za nekoliko milijuna godina ili će ga planet prisvojiti ili će doživjeti plimno-gravitacijski raspad. Peti planet Sunčeva sustava iz davne prošlosti kretao se nepravilnom orbitom, povremeno se sve više približavajući Jupiteru, sve dok nije ušao u kritičnu zonu plimno-gravitacijskog raspada, gdje se brzo raspao i postao današnji pojas asteroida.
57:6.5 (658.2)
Shooting stars occur in swarms because they are the fragments of larger bodies of matter which have been disrupted by tidal gravity exerted by near-by and still larger space bodies. Saturn’s rings are the fragments of a disrupted satellite. One of the moons of Jupiter is now approaching dangerously near the critical zone of tidal disruption and, within a few million years, will either be claimed by the planet or will undergo gravity-tidal disruption. The fifth planet of the solar system of long, long ago traversed an irregular orbit, periodically making closer and closer approach to Jupiter until it entered the critical zone of gravity-tidal disruption, was swiftly fragmentized, and became the present-day cluster of asteroids.
Prije 4 milijarde godina došlo je do oblikovanja sustava Jupitera i Saturna uglavnom onakvima kakve ih danas promatramo, osim njihovih mjeseca koji su nastavili rasti tijekom nekoliko milijardi godina. Zapravo, svi planeti i sateliti Sunčeva sustava još uvijek rastu kao posljedica neprestanog privlačenja meteora.
57:6.6 (658.3)
4,000,000,000 years ago witnessed the organization of the Jupiter and Saturn systems much as observed today except for their moons, which continued to increase in size for several billions of years. In fact, all of the planets and satellites of the solar system are still growing as the result of continued meteoric captures.
57:6.7 (658.4)
3,500,000,000 years ago the condensation nucleuses of the other ten planets were well formed, and the cores of most of the moons were intact, though some of the smaller satellites later united to make the present-day larger moons. This age may be regarded as the era of planetary assembly.
57:6.11 (658.8)
All of this tremendous activity is a normal part of the making of an evolutionary world on the order of Urantia and constitutes the astronomic preliminaries to the setting of the stage for the beginning of the physical evolution of such worlds of space in preparation for the life adventures of time.
Tijekom ovih ranih vremena područja prostora Sunčeva sustava vrvjela su malim tijelima u raspadu i kondenzaciji, a zbog nepostojanja zaštitne atmosfere izgaranja takva su svemirska tijela izravno udarala o površinu Urantije. Ti neprekidni udari održavali su površinu planeta više ili manje zagrijanom, a to je, zajedno s pojačanim djelovanjem gravitacije kako je sfera rasla, počelo pokretati one utjecaje koji su postupno uzrokovali da se teži elementi, poput željeza, sve više spuštaju prema središtu planeta.
57:7.1 (658.9)
Throughout these early times the space regions of the solar system were swarming with small disruptive and condensation bodies, and in the absence of a protective combustion atmosphere such space bodies crashed directly on the surface of Urantia. These incessant impacts kept the surface of the planet more or less heated, and this, together with the increased action of gravity as the sphere grew larger, began to set in operation those influences which gradually caused the heavier elements, such as iron, to settle more and more toward the center of the planet.
Prije 2 milijarde godina Zemlja je počela osjetno nadmašivati Mjesec. Planet je oduvijek bio veći od svojeg satelita, ali razlika u veličini nije bila tako velika sve do ovog vremena, kada je Zemlja zarobila golema svemirska tijela. Urantija je tada bila velika približno jednu petinu svoje sadašnje veličine i postala je dovoljno velika da zadrži primitivnu atmosferu koja se počela stvarati kao posljedica unutarnjeg sukoba elemenata između užarene unutrašnjosti i rashlađene kore.
57:7.2 (659.1)
2,000,000,000 years ago the earth began decidedly to gain on the moon. Always had the planet been larger than its satellite, but there was not so much difference in size until about this time, when enormous space bodies were captured by the earth. Urantia was then about one fifth its present size and had become large enough to hold the primitive atmosphere which had begun to appear as a result of the internal elemental contest between the heated interior and the cooling crust.
Jasno izražena vulkanska aktivnost potječe iz ovog razdoblja. Unutarnja toplina Zemlje nastavila je rasti uslijed sve dubljeg i dubljeg zatrpavanja radioaktivnih ili težih elemenata koje su iz prostora donosili meteori. Proučavanje tih radioaktivnih elemenata otkrit će da je Urantija na svojoj površini stara više od milijardu godina. Radijev sat vaš je najpouzdaniji mjerni instrument za znanstvene procjene starosti planeta, ali sve takve procjene ispadaju preniske jer radioaktivni materijali dostupni vašem proučavanju potječu isključivo s površine Zemlje i stoga predstavljaju razmjerno novije stjecanje tih elemenata na Urantiji.
57:7.3 (659.2)
Definite volcanic action dates from these times. The internal heat of the earth continued to be augmented by the deeper and deeper burial of the radioactive or heavier elements brought in from space by the meteors. The study of these radioactive elements will reveal that Urantia is more than one billion years old on its surface. The radium clock is your most reliable timepiece for making scientific estimates of the age of the planet, but all such estimates are too short because the radioactive materials open to your scrutiny are all derived from the earth’s surface and hence represent Urantia’s comparatively recent acquirements of these elements.
Vulkanska aktivnost sada doseže svoj vrhunac. Cijela je Zemlja pravi vatreni pakao, a njezina površina nalikuje ranijem rastaljenom stanju prije nego što su teži metali pod djelovanjem gravitacije potonuli prema središtu. Ovo je vulkansko doba. Unatoč tome, postupno se oblikuje kora sastavljena pretežno od razmjerno lakšeg granita. Pozornica se priprema za planet koji će jednoga dana moći podržavati život.
57:7.5 (659.4)
Volcanic action is now at its height. The whole earth is a veritable fiery inferno, the surface resembling its earlier molten state before the heavier metals gravitated toward the center. This is the volcanic age. Nevertheless, a crust, consisting chiefly of the comparatively lighter granite, is gradually forming. The stage is being set for a planet which can someday support life.
Primitivna planetarna atmosfera polako se razvija i sada sadrži nešto vodene pare, ugljičnog monoksida, ugljičnog dioksida i klorovodika, ali ima malo ili nimalo slobodnog dušika i slobodnog kisika. Atmosfera svijeta u vulkanskom dobu pruža neobičan prizor. Osim navedenih plinova, snažno je zasićena brojnim vulkanskim plinovima i, kako zračni omotač sazrijeva, produktima izgaranja obilnih meteorskih pljuskova koji neprestano zasipaju površinu planeta. Takvo meteorsko izgaranje održava atmosferski kisik gotovo potpuno iscrpljenim, a stopa meteorskog bombardiranja i dalje je golema.
57:7.6 (659.5)
The primitive planetary atmosphere is slowly evolving, now containing some water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen chloride, but there is little or no free nitrogen or free oxygen. The atmosphere of a world in the volcanic age presents a queer spectacle. In addition to the gases enumerated it is heavily charged with numerous volcanic gases and, as the air belt matures, with the combustion products of the heavy meteoric showers which are constantly hurtling in upon the planetary surface. Such meteoric combustion keeps the atmospheric oxygen very nearly exhausted, and the rate of meteoric bombardment is still tremendous.
57:7.7 (659.6)
Presently, the atmosphere became more settled and cooled sufficiently to start precipitation of rain on the hot rocky surface of the planet. For thousands of years Urantia was enveloped in one vast and continuous blanket of steam. And during these ages the sun never shone upon the earth’s surface.
Čak i u kasnijim razdobljima neprekidni tokovi lave i pristizanje meteora trošili su gotovo sav kisik u zraku. Čak ni rani slojevi uskoro nastalog primitivnog oceana ne sadrže obojeno kamenje ni škriljevac. I dugo nakon nastanka ovog oceana u atmosferi praktički nije bilo slobodnog kisika; nije se pojavio u značajnijim količinama sve dok ga kasnije nisu proizvele morske alge i drugi oblici biljnog života.
57:7.9 (660.1)
Even in the later periods the continuing lava flows and the incoming meteors kept the oxygen of the air almost completely used up. Even the early deposits of the soon appearing primitive ocean contain no colored stones or shales. And for a long time after this ocean appeared, there was virtually no free oxygen in the atmosphere; and it did not appear in significant quantities until it was later generated by the seaweeds and other forms of vegetable life.
Primitivna planetarna atmosfera vulkanskog doba pružala je slabu zaštitu od sudarnih udara meteorskih rojeva. Milijuni i milijuni meteora mogli su probiti takav zračni omotač i kao čvrsta tijela udariti u planetarnu koru. No kako je vrijeme prolazilo, sve ih je manje bilo dovoljno veliko da se odupre sve snažnijem zaštitnom štitu trenja koji je stvarala atmosfera kasnijih razdoblja, sve bogatija kisikom.
57:7.10 (660.2)
The primitive planetary atmosphere of the volcanic age affords little protection against the collisional impacts of the meteoric swarms. Millions upon millions of meteors are able to penetrate such an air belt to smash against the planetary crust as solid bodies. But as time passes, fewer and fewer prove large enough to resist the ever-stronger friction shield of the oxygen-enriching atmosphere of the later eras.
57:8.2 (660.4)
The atmosphere, together with incessant moisture precipitation, facilitated the cooling of the earth’s crust. Volcanic action early equalized internal-heat pressure and crustal contraction; and as volcanoes rapidly decreased, earthquakes made their appearance as this epoch of crustal cooling and adjustment progressed.
Stvarna geološka povijest Urantije započinje kada se Zemljina kora dovoljno ohladila da omogući stvaranje prvog oceana. Jednom kada je započela kondenzacija vodene pare na rashlađenoj površini Zemlje, nastavila se sve dok nije bila gotovo dovršena. Do kraja ovog razdoblja ocean je postao svjetski, prekrivajući čitav planet prosječnom dubinom većom od 1,6 kilometara. Plima i oseka tada su djelovale uglavnom kao i danas, ali ovaj primitivni ocean nije bio slan; bio je praktički slatkovodni pokrivač planeta. U to vrijeme najveći dio klora bio je vezan uz različite metale, no bilo ga je dovoljno u spoju s vodikom da ovu vodu učini blago kiselom.
57:8.3 (660.5)
The real geologic history of Urantia begins with the cooling of the earth’s crust sufficiently to cause the formation of the first ocean. Water-vapor condensation on the cooling surface of the earth, once begun, continued until it was virtually complete. By the end of this period the ocean was world-wide, covering the entire planet to an average depth of over one mile. The tides were then in play much as they are now observed, but this primitive ocean was not salty; it was practically a fresh-water covering for the world. In those days, most of the chlorine was combined with various metals, but there was enough, in union with hydrogen, to render this water faintly acid.
Na početku ove davne epohe Urantiju treba zamisliti kao planet prekriven vodom. Kasnije su se na dnu današnjeg Tihog oceana pojavili dublji, a time i gušći tokovi lave, pa je taj dio vodom prekrivene površine znatno potonuo. Prva kontinentalna kopnena masa izdigla se iz svjetskog oceana kao kompenzacijska prilagodba ravnoteže postupno zadebljavajuće Zemljine kore.
57:8.4 (660.6)
At the opening of this faraway era, Urantia should be envisaged as a water-bound planet. Later on, deeper and hence denser lava flows came out upon the bottom of the present Pacific Ocean, and this part of the water-covered surface became considerably depressed. The first continental land mass emerged from the world ocean in compensatory adjustment of the equilibrium of the gradually thickening earth’s crust.
Prije 950 milijuna godina Urantija pruža sliku jednog velikog kontinenta i jednog velikog vodenog prostranstva, Tihog oceana. Vulkani su još uvijek široko rasprostranjeni, a potresi su i česti i snažni. Meteori nastavljaju bombardirati Zemlju, ali se njihova učestalost i veličina smanjuju. Atmosfera se razvedrava, ali količina ugljičnog dioksida i dalje je velika. Zemljina kora postupno se stabilizira.
57:8.5 (660.7)
950,000,000 years ago Urantia presents the picture of one great continent of land and one large body of water, the Pacific Ocean. Volcanoes are still widespread and earthquakes are both frequent and severe. Meteors continue to bombard the earth, but they are diminishing in both frequency and size. The atmosphere is clearing up, but the amount of carbon dioxide continues large. The earth’s crust is gradually stabilizing.
Otprilike u to vrijeme Urantija je bila dodijeljena sustavu Satanije radi planetarne uprave i upisana u registar života Norlatiadeka. Tada je započelo administrativno priznanje ove male i beznačajne sfere kojoj je bilo suđeno postati planetom na kojem će se Mihael kasnije upustiti u veličanstveni pothvat smrtnog podarenja i sudjelovati u iskustvima koja su poslije dovela do toga da Urantija u lokalnom svemiru postane poznata kao „svijet križa”.
57:8.6 (660.8)
It was at about this time that Urantia was assigned to the system of Satania for planetary administration and was placed on the life registry of Norlatiadek. Then began the administrative recognition of the small and insignificant sphere which was destined to be the planet whereon Michael would subsequently engage in the stupendous undertaking of mortal bestowal, would participate in those experiences which have since caused Urantia to become locally known as the “world of the cross.”
Prije 900 milijuna godina na Urantiju je stigla prva izviđačka skupina Satanije poslana iz Jeruzema kako bi ispitala planet i podnijela izvješće o njegovoj prikladnosti za postaju životnog eksperimenta. Ovo povjerenstvo sastojalo se od dvadeset i četiri člana, uključujući Nositelje Života, Sinove Lanonandeke, Sinove Melkisedeke, serafime i druge redove nebeskog života povezane s ranim danima planetarne organizacije i uprave.
57:8.7 (661.1)
900,000,000 years ago witnessed the arrival on Urantia of the first Satania scouting party sent out from Jerusem to examine the planet and make a report on its adaptation for a life-experiment station. This commission consisted of twenty-four members, embracing Life Carriers, Lanonandek Sons, Melchizedeks, seraphim, and other orders of celestial life having to do with the early days of planetary organization and administration.
Nakon što je provela temeljito istraživanje planeta, ova se komisija vratila na Jeruzem i podnijela povoljno izvješće Sustavnom Vladaru, preporučivši da Urantija bude uvrštena u registar životnih eksperimenata. Vaš je svijet stoga bio registriran na Jeruzemu kao decimalni planet, a Nositelji Života bili su obaviješteni da će dobiti dopuštenje za uvođenje novih uzoraka mehaničke, kemijske i električne mobilizacije prilikom svojeg kasnijeg dolaska s mandatima za prijenos i usađivanje života.
57:8.8 (661.2)
After making a painstaking survey of the planet, this commission returned to Jerusem and reported favorably to the System Sovereign, recommending that Urantia be placed on the life-experiment registry. Your world was accordingly registered on Jerusem as a decimal planet, and the Life Carriers were notified that they would be granted permission to institute new patterns of mechanical, chemical, and electrical mobilization at the time of their subsequent arrival with life transplantation and implantation mandates.
U svoje vrijeme pripreme za zauzimanje planeta dovršila je mješovita komisija od dvanaest članova na Jeruzemu, a odobrila ih je planetarna komisija od sedamdeset članova na Edentiji. Ove planove, koje su predložili savjetodavni savjetnici Nositelja Života, konačno je prihvatio Salvington. Ubrzo nakon toga nebadonska emitiranja prenijela su objavu da će Urantija postati pozornica na kojoj će Nositelji Života provesti svoj šezdeseti eksperiment Satanije osmišljen da proširi i unaprijedi satanijski tip životnih uzoraka Nebadona.
57:8.9 (661.3)
In due course arrangements for the planetary occupation were completed by the mixed commission of twelve on Jerusem and approved by the planetary commission of seventy on Edentia. These plans, proposed by the advisory counselors of the Life Carriers, were finally accepted on Salvington. Soon thereafter the Nebadon broadcasts carried the announcement that Urantia would become the stage whereon the Life Carriers would execute their sixtieth Satania experiment designed to amplify and improve the Satania type of the Nebadon life patterns.
Nedugo nakon što je Urantija prvi put bila predstavljena u svemirskim emitiranjima cijelom Nebadonu, dodijeljen joj je puni status u svemiru. Ubrzo zatim bila je upisana u zapise sjedišnih planeta manjeg i većeg sektora supersvemira; a prije završetka ovog doba Urantija je bila uvrštena i u registar planetarnog života Uverse.
57:8.10 (661.4)
Shortly after Urantia was first recognized on the universe broadcasts to all Nebadon, it was accorded full universe status. Soon thereafter it was registered in the records of the minor and the major sector headquarters planets of the superuniverse; and before this age was over, Urantia had found entry on the planetary-life registry of Uversa.
Čitavo ovo doba bilo je obilježeno čestim i silovitim olujama. Rana Zemljina kora nalazila se u stanju neprestanih promjena. Hlađenje površine izmjenjivalo se s golemim tokovima lave. Nigdje na površini svijeta ne može se pronaći ništa od ove izvorne planetarne kore. Previše je puta bila izmiješana s lavom koja je izbijala iz velikih dubina i pomiješana s kasnijim naslagama ranoga svjetskog oceana.
57:8.11 (661.5)
This entire age was characterized by frequent and violent storms. The early crust of the earth was in a state of continual flux. Surface cooling alternated with immense lava flows. Nowhere can there be found on the surface of the world anything of this original planetary crust. It has all been mixed up too many times with extruding lavas of deep origins and admixed with subsequent deposits of the early world-wide ocean.
Nigdje na površini svijeta neće se pronaći više izmijenjenih ostataka ovih drevnih predoceanskih stijena nego u sjeveroistočnoj Kanadi, oko Hudsonova zaljeva. Ovo opsežno granitno uzvišenje sastavljeno je od stijena koje pripadaju predoceanskim dobima. Ti su slojevi stijena bili zagrijavani, savijani, uvrtani i zgužvani te iznova i iznova podvrgavani procesima metamorfnog izobličenja.
57:8.12 (661.6)
Nowhere on the surface of the world will there be found more of the modified remnants of these ancient preocean rocks than in northeastern Canada around Hudson Bay. This extensive granite elevation is composed of stone belonging to the preoceanic ages. These rock layers have been heated, bent, twisted, upcrumpled, and again and again have they passed through these distorting metamorphic experiences.
Tijekom oceanskih doba na ovom drevnom oceanskom dnu nataloženi su golemi slojevi uslojenog kamenja bez fosila. (Vapnenac može nastati kao posljedica kemijskog taloženja; nisu svi stariji vapnenci nastali taloženjem ostataka morskih organizama.) Ni u jednoj od ovih drevnih stijenskih formacija neće se pronaći tragovi života; one ne sadrže fosile, osim ako se slučajno kasnije naslage iz vodenih doba nisu pomiješale s tim starijim slojevima koji prethode životu.
57:8.13 (661.7)
Throughout the oceanic ages, enormous layers of fossil-free stratified stone were deposited on this ancient ocean bottom. (Limestone can form as a result of chemical precipitation; not all of the older limestone was produced by marine-life deposition.) In none of these ancient rock formations will there be found evidences of life; they contain no fossils unless, by some chance, later deposits of the water ages have become mixed with these older prelife layers.
Rana Zemljina kora bila je vrlo nestabilna, ali planine još nisu bile u procesu nastajanja. Planet se sažimao pod pritiskom gravitacije tijekom svojeg oblikovanja. Planine nisu posljedica urušavanja rashlađene kore sažimajuće sfere; one se pojavljuju kasnije kao rezultat djelovanja kiše, gravitacije i erozije.
57:8.14 (662.1)
The earth’s early crust was highly unstable, but mountains were not in process of formation. The planet contracted under gravity pressure as it formed. Mountains are not the result of the collapse of the cooling crust of a contracting sphere; they appear later on as a result of the action of rain, gravity, and erosion.
Kontinentalna kopnena masa ovog doba povećala se sve dok nije prekrivala gotovo deset posto Zemljine površine. Snažni potresi nisu započeli sve dok se kontinentalna kopnena masa nije uzdigla znatno iznad razine vode. Jednom kada su započeli, potresi su tijekom mnogih vjekova postajali sve češći i sve razorniji. Već milijunima i milijunima godina potresi se smanjuju, ali Urantija ih još uvijek u prosjeku ima petnaest dnevno.
57:8.15 (662.2)
The continental land mass of this era increased until it covered almost ten per cent of the earth’s surface. Severe earthquakes did not begin until the continental mass of land emerged well above the water. When they once began, they increased in frequency and severity for ages. For millions upon millions of years earthquakes have diminished, but Urantia still has an average of fifteen daily.
Prije 850 milijuna godina započela je prva prava epoha stabilizacije Zemljine kore. Većina težih metala spustila se prema središtu kugle; rashlađena kora više nije tonula u tolikoj mjeri kao u ranijim dobima. Uspostavljena je bolja ravnoteža između izdizanja kopna i težeg oceanskog dna. Tokovi lave ispod kore postali su gotovo svjetskih razmjera, što je nadoknađivalo i stabiliziralo kolebanja uzrokovana hlađenjem, sažimanjem i površinskim pomicanjima.
57:8.16 (662.3)
850,000,000 years ago the first real epoch of the stabilization of the earth’s crust began. Most of the heavier metals had settled down toward the center of the globe; the cooling crust had ceased to cave in on such an extensive scale as in former ages. There was established a better balance between the land extrusion and the heavier ocean bed. The flow of the subcrustal lava bed became well-nigh world-wide, and this compensated and stabilized the fluctuations due to cooling, contracting, and superficial shifting.
Električni poremećaji u zraku i u Zemlji također su se smanjivali. Tokovi lave iznijeli su na površinu mješavinu elemenata koja je povećala raznolikost kore i bolje izolirala planet od određenih energija prostora. Sve je to uvelike olakšalo kontrolu zemaljske energije i regulaciju njezina toka, što se očituje u djelovanju magnetskih polova.
57:8.18 (662.5)
Electric disturbances in the air and in the earth were also decreasing. The lava flows had brought to the surface a mixture of elements which diversified the crust and better insulated the planet from certain space-energies. And all of this did much to facilitate the control of terrestrial energy and to regulate its flow, as is disclosed by the functioning of the magnetic poles.
Od kondenzacije Zemljine hidrosfere, najprije u svjetski ocean, a zatim u Tihi ocean, ovo potonje vodeno prostranstvo treba zamisliti kako tada prekriva devet desetina Zemljine površine. Meteori koji su padali u more nakupljali su se na oceanskom dnu, a meteori se, općenito govoreći, sastoje od teških tvari. Oni koji su padali na kopno uglavnom su oksidirali, zatim bili trošeni erozijom i isprani u oceanske bazene. Tako je oceansko dno postajalo sve teže, a tome se pridodavala i težina vodenog prostranstva koje je na nekim mjestima dosezalo dubinu od oko 16 kilometara.
57:8.20 (662.7)
Since the condensation of the earth’s hydrosphere, first into the world ocean and subsequently into the Pacific Ocean, this latter body of water should be visualized as then covering nine tenths of the earth’s surface. Meteors falling into the sea accumulated on the ocean bottom, and meteors are, generally speaking, composed of heavy materials. Those falling on the land were largely oxidized, subsequently worn down by erosion, and washed into the ocean basins. Thus the ocean bottom grew increasingly heavy, and added to this was the weight of a body of water at some places ten miles deep.
Sve veće spuštanje dna Tihog oceana dodatno je poticalo izdizanje kontinentalne kopnene mase. Europa i Afrika počele su se uzdizati iz dubina Tihog oceana zajedno s kopnenim masama koje danas nazivamo Australijom, Sjevernom i Južnom Amerikom te Antarktikom, dok je dno Tihog oceana prolazilo kroz daljnje kompenzacijsko slijeganje. Do kraja ovog razdoblja gotovo jedna trećina Zemljine površine sastojala se od kopna, a sve je bilo povezano u jednu kontinentalnu cjelinu.
57:8.21 (662.8)
The increasing downthrust of the Pacific Ocean operated further to upthrust the continental land mass. Europe and Africa began to rise out of the Pacific depths along with those masses now called Australia, North and South America, and the continent of Antarctica, while the bed of the Pacific Ocean engaged in a further compensatory sinking adjustment. By the end of this period almost one third of the earth’s surface consisted of land, all in one continental body.
S ovim povećanjem nadmorske visine kopna pojavile su se prve klimatske razlike na planetu. Uzvišenje kopna, kozmički oblaci i oceanski utjecaji glavni su čimbenici klimatskih promjena. Središnji planinski pojas azijske kopnene mase dosegao je visinu od gotovo 15 kilometara u vrijeme najvećeg izdizanja kopna. Da je u zraku iznad tih visoko uzdignutih područja bilo mnogo vlage, stvorili bi se golemi ledeni pokrovi; ledeno doba nastupilo bi mnogo prije nego što se doista pojavilo. Prošlo je nekoliko stotina milijuna godina prije nego što se toliko kopna ponovno uzdiglo iznad površine vode.
57:8.22 (662.9)
With this increase in land elevation the first climatic differences of the planet appeared. Land elevation, cosmic clouds, and oceanic influences are the chief factors in climatic fluctuation. The backbone of the Asiatic land mass reached a height of almost nine miles at the time of the maximum land emergence. Had there been much moisture in the air hovering over these highly elevated regions, enormous ice blankets would have formed; the ice age would have arrived long before it did. It was several hundred millions of years before so much land again appeared above water.
Prije 750 milijuna godina započeli su prvi rascjepi kontinentalne kopnene mase u obliku velikog pukotinskog sustava koji se protezao od sjevera prema jugu. Kasnije je kroz njega prodrla oceanska voda, pripremajući put za zapadno pomicanje kontinenata Sjeverne i Južne Amerike, uključujući Grenland. Duga pukotina koja se protezala od istoka prema zapadu odvojila je Afriku od Europe te od azijskog kontinenta odsjekla kopnene mase Australije, pacifičkih otoka i Antarktike.
57:8.23 (663.1)
750,000,000 years ago the first breaks in the continental land mass began as the great north-and-south cracking, which later admitted the ocean waters and prepared the way for the westward drift of the continents of North and South America, including Greenland. The long east-and-west cleavage separated Africa from Europe and severed the land masses of Australia, the Pacific Islands, and Antarctica from the Asiatic continent.
57:8.24 (663.2)
700,000,000 years ago Urantia was approaching the ripening of conditions suitable for the support of life. The continental land drift continued; increasingly the ocean penetrated the land as long fingerlike seas providing those shallow waters and sheltered bays which are so suitable as a habitat for marine life.